Ethno-Nationalism and Cultural Identity Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What primarily drives ethno-nationalism among dominant ethnic communities?

  • Interest in creating new cultural identities
  • A desire for cultural exchange
  • A strong connection to global culture
  • Anxiety over perceived threats to their status (correct)

What role do external groups play in the formation of cultural content according to ethno-symbolists?

  • They reinforce traditional cultural patterns.
  • They primarily drive the creation of new cultural content. (correct)
  • They have no significant impact.
  • They can complicate the existing cultural framework.

What are existing cultural identity markers comprised of?

  • Myths, symbols, traditions, norms, values, etc. (correct)
  • Primarily language and historical narratives
  • Only tangible items like clothing and artifacts
  • Economic indicators and demographics

According to the content, how does institutionalized cultural content evolve over time?

<p>It gains independence in historical processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do ethno-symbolists refer to when adapting existing culture to new contexts?

<p>Re-invention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective does Fredrik Barth provide regarding ethnic identities?

<p>Ethnic identities are created through relational processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between external influences and the creation of new cultural content?

<p>External influences trigger the creation of new cultural content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized about the change of ethno-cultural content over time?

<p>It develops through a two-way process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Trump frame his opponents in relation to the interests of his in-group?

<p>As enemies of the people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the frequency of Trump's tweets about healthcare during the 2016 election?

<p>13 times (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What foundational theme did Trump continue to emphasize during his campaign?

<p>Restoring American greatness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hashtag did Trump use to signal his connection with the dominant ethnic group in America?

<p>#ImWithYou (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Trump's campaign utilize to create divisions among groups?

<p>Moral binaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the core promises Trump made to the American people?

<p>To drain the swamp of corruption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups did Trump depict as threatening outsiders?

<p>Illegal immigrants and foreign terrorists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Trump frame Hillary Clinton during his campaign?

<p>As an ally of the establishment and outsiders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phrase did Trump use to describe the dominant ethnic group he referenced in his campaign?

<p>Silent majority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts did Trump’s slogans connect with his anti-establishment rhetoric?

<p>Ethno-nationalist ideas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue received minimal attention in Trump's tweets, given the political context of the 2016 election?

<p>Healthcare (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue did Trump frequently attack to frame his anti-establishment message?

<p>Illegal immigration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Trump address crime in cities with large African American populations according to his rhetoric?

<p>He described them as 'infested' with crime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What foundational aspect characterized Trump's campaign?

<p>Ethno-nationalism and populism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the slogan '#AmericaFirst' communicate about Trump’s foreign policy?

<p>A prioritization of American interests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Trump’s messaging seek to mobilize the dominant ethnic group in America?

<p>By connecting it to anti-establishment sentiments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of white voters supported Trump in the 2016 election?

<p>57% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group had the highest levels of support for Trump among minorities?

<p>Others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue significantly influenced 64% of voters in support of Trump?

<p>Immigration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group's voting pattern contributed most significantly to Trump's victory?

<p>White Americans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Trump's campaign is highlighted as critical to understanding the voting patterns?

<p>Ethno-nationalist populism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of African Americans voted for Trump in the 2016 election?

<p>8% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant characteristic of the in-group identified by Trump's campaign?

<p>Ethnic and religious identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is suggested to complement structural explanations of Trump's success?

<p>Recognizing ethnocultural dimensions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterization was given to Mexican migrants in the context discussed?

<p>They were portrayed as dangerous criminals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was consistently targeted as the clear out-group?

<p>Muslims (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Trump reinvent the myths and symbols of American identity?

<p>By incorporating a broader conception of the in-group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the majority group did Trump emphasize?

<p>A more diffused white Christian identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which communities were at times included in Trump's conception of the in-group?

<p>African Americans and Hispanics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical narrative influenced the framing of American national identity discussed?

<p>Eighteenth-century ethnic foundations of political culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Trump's framing differ from previous narratives regarding ethnic identities?

<p>It showed ambiguity about who belonged to the majority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did political elites play in the framing of Mexican migrants and Muslims?

<p>They were viewed as allies to these groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method was primarily used to code Trump's tweets for analysis?

<p>Manual reading and coding with NVivo software (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of the study regarding Trump's tweets?

<p>To understand the ethno-cultural content within individual tweets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect did the coding framework specifically focus on?

<p>Extent of tweets using cultural myths and symbols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable limitation mentioned regarding the interpretive approach used in the study?

<p>Potential subjectivity in coding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes this research from other studies of Trump's tweets?

<p>First systematic analysis of ethno-cultural content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was the coding applied to the tweets being studied?

<p>In two ways: top-down and bottom-up approaches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conventional view of American national identity is mentioned in relation to Trump's tweets?

<p>It is based on ethnic origins rather than liberal principles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research seek to balance in its approach towards analyzing Trump's tweets?

<p>Breadth of coverage with depth of content analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ethno-nationalism

Ethno-nationalism is a political ideology driven by the desire of a dominant ethnic group to maintain its dominance within the state.

Ethno-symbolists

Ethno-symbolists recognize the cultural significance of dominant ethnic communities in shaping the nation-state, highlighting the deep connection between culture and national identity.

Ethno-cultural content

Ethno-cultural content involves the collection of traditions, symbols, myths, and values that define a group's shared identity.

Exogenous factors

External factors, like interactions with other ethnic groups, can trigger a process of creating new cultural content to distinguish the dominant group from others.

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Endogenous factors

Endogenous factors represent the influence of existing cultural elements within the dominant group in shaping new cultural content.

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Barth's perspective on ethnicity

According to Fredrik Barth's work, ethnic identities are constructed through interactions with other groups, outlining the power dynamics and influence on cultural formation.

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Re-invention of culture

Ethno-cultural content can be re-invented or adapted to new contexts, taking into account existing cultural elements and external influences.

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Two-way process of cultural change

Ethno-cultural content emerges and changes through a two-way process: external interactions trigger new content, while existing content adapts to the new context.

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Word-frequency analysis

A method of analyzing text data by counting the frequency of words or phrases. It is often used in social science research to identify patterns and trends in texts.

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Coding framework

A framework used to categorize and analyze data. It helps researchers organize and understand complex information.

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Interpretive approach

A type of research where the researcher reads and interprets text data to find meaning and insights.

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Ethnic conception

A belief system that emphasizes the shared cultural heritage and identity of a group. It often focuses on language, customs, and traditions.

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Ethnic identity

A type of identity based on shared cultural heritage and common ancestry. It's a way of understanding oneself as belonging to a particular group.

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Ethnic myths

A set of ideas or beliefs about a group of people, often based on stereotypes and prejudice. These myths can be harmful and can lead to discrimination.

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Ethnocentrism

A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group over others, leading to prejudice, discrimination, and even violence.

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Liberal American national identity

The concept of a nation's identity founded on the principles of individual liberty, equality, and democratic governance, rather than on shared ethnicity.

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Enemy of the People

Framing political opponents as "enemies of the people" that are working against the interests of the dominant group. This often involves portraying them as threats to national identity and security.

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Threatening Outsider Framing

Using rhetoric to depict certain groups as dangerous outsiders, often emphasizing their perceived foreignness and association with negative traits.

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Shared Identity and Grievance

Using a narrative to create a sense of shared identity and grievance among a specific group, highlighting the shared experiences and struggles.

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Ethno-Nationalist Populism

A political strategy that emphasizes the perceived cultural and ethnic distinctiveness of a group, often using nationalist themes to appeal to a sense of shared identity and belonging.

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Boundary-Making

The use of language and symbolism to emphasize the authenticity of one ethnic group while excluding others.

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Focus on Symbolic Issues

The tendency to focus on symbolic issues of identity, culture, and national belonging, rather than traditional policy debates on issues like healthcare or education.

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Moral Binary

The construction of a moral binary between a virtuous in-group and a series of immoral out-groups, often depicted as threats to the in-group's values and interests.

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Forgotten Men and Women

A group of individuals who feel marginalized or excluded from the mainstream political system, often appealing to populist rhetoric to express their grievances.

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Ethno-nationalist strategy

A political strategy focusing on cultivating a sense of shared identity among a majority group to maintain its dominance, often by defining an out-group or threat to solidify the in-group.

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Re-inventing ethnic identity

Manipulating and re-interpreting cultural symbols and myths of a dominant group to create a sense of unified identity, often by emphasizing differences with other groups.

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Ethnic majority group

The group within a society considered the majority or dominant group, defined by shared cultural characteristics, including ethnicity, religion, and ancestry, although these parameters can be fluid and change over time.

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Ethnic foundations of American political culture

Utilizing the cultural characteristics of a dominant group, such as language, traditions, or historical events, to construct an idea of national identity, often emphasizing cultural differences with other groups.

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Ethno-nationalist ideas

The idea that a country's greatness is restored by protecting its dominant ethnic group from threats posed by outsiders and elites. It emphasizes the importance of cultural and moral boundaries, portraying outsiders and elites as threats to the group's identity and interests.

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Ethnic symbolization

The process of identifying and highlighting distinct cultural characteristics of a dominant group, emphasizing their value and significance, while often contrasting them with those of other groups.

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Trump's Hashtag Strategy

Trump's campaign strategy of highlighting his support for the dominant ethnic group, using hashtags like "#ImWithYou" to connect with "real" Americans and differentiate himself from elites and outsiders.

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Exogenous factors in ethnic construction

Using external factors like interactions with other groups to trigger a process of defining and solidifying the cultural characteristics of a dominant group, often creating a sense of separation and distinction.

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Trump's #DrainTheSwamp

Trump's use of the hashtag #DrainTheSwamp to criticize the political establishment, associating it with corruption and failure to prioritize the needs of the dominant ethnic group.

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Trump's campaign messaging against elites and outsiders

Trump's campaign message that the dominant ethnic group's interests are being undermined by elites and outsiders, particularly through illegal immigration and foreign policies favoring these outsiders.

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Endogenous factors in ethnic construction

Using the internal cultural elements of a group to shape its identity, often through adapting, reinterpreting, or emphasizing already existing cultural traits, potentially in response to external influences.

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Trump's immigration rhetoric

Trump's repeated attacks on illegal immigration from Mexico and Muslims, suggesting they threaten the safety and interests of the dominant ethnic group in America.

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Trump's portrayal of Clinton

The idea that Clinton, representing the establishment, is aligned with outsiders and works against the interests of the dominant ethnic group, furthering their influence and eroding national identity.

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Ethno-cultural content in Trump's messaging

Trump's use of ethno-cultural content in his campaign messaging, highlighting cultural and moral boundaries that distinguish the interests and values of the dominant ethnic group from others.

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Trump's use of anti-establishment rhetoric

The process by which Trump used his anti-establishment rhetoric to mobilize the dominant ethnic group in America, aiming to reclaim the state from elites and outsiders.

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Ethnic Conception of America

A narrative that emphasizes the perceived cultural and ethnic distinctiveness of a nation, often promoting the idea of a 'true' or 'authentic' citizenry.

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Study Notes

#Nationalism: the ethno-nationalist populism of Donald Trump's Twitter communication

  • The article explores the ethno-nationalist populism of Donald Trump's Twitter communication during the 2016 presidential campaign.
  • It analyzes all 5,515 of Trump's tweets.
  • Ethno-nationalist and populist themes were the most prominent in Trump's tweets.
  • These themes built upon pre-existing myths and symbols of an ethnic conception of American identity.
  • Trump's tweets portrayed a virtuous white majority threatened by foreign, religiously different, and self-interested outsiders.
  • The struggle against these groups was framed as a mission to restore America to a mythical golden age.

Introduction

  • Ethno-nationalist populism (a combination of ethno-nationalism and populism) has become increasingly successful across the West.
  • Donald Trump's 2016 election victory was a prominent example.
  • The article aims to examine the ethno-nationalist and populist content of Trump's political communication during the 2016 campaign and its connection to long-standing ethnic beliefs.

Methodology

  • The article utilizes insights from "ethno-symbolism" (Smith 2009) to analyze the 5,515 tweets.
  • A framework of five mytho-symbolic categories was created to analyze the tweets for ethnic identity.
  • The categories include People, Homeland, History, Religion, and Ethos.

The 2016 Presidential Campaign

  • Trump consistently employed ethnic myths and symbols in his campaign, exceeding all other topics.
  • He mainly focused on the ethnic conception of the American people, history, and religion (roughly 886 times, 708 times, and 259 times respectively).
  • Trump used the "ethnic conception" of Americans to frame his opponents and the establishment as enemies of the people, working against the interests of the in-group.
  • He also used this to connect with and encourage the "silent majority" and the "forgotten men and women".
  • Trump's rhetoric included coded language targeting outsiders.
  • Ambiguity about the precise ethnic profile of the in-group (sometimes encompassing African Americans and Hispanics alongside whites) was used strategically to gain wider support.
  • During the election campaign, Trump framed Hillary Clinton as an enemy of the in-group.
  • Trump used slogans like #MakeAmericaGreatAgain and #DrainTheSwamp to represent the establishment and Clinton as enemies of the in-group.

Conclusion

  • Trump's 2016 campaign used ethno-nationalist populism with pre-existing ethnic myths and symbols, targeting a "white" in-group and portraying outsiders as a threat.
  • This strategy helped shape the political boundaries between the in-group and out-groups in America.

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