Ethnic Dynamics in Nigeria and India

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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of forced unity on national unity according to the content?

It strengthens social cohesion.

It promotes harmonious cooperation.

It generates greater social strife and alienation. (correct)

It has no significant impact.

What does the Sixth Schedule status for the GNLF-led Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council signify?

Restructuring of the municipal governance in Darjeeling.

A reduction of autonomy for local governments.

An increase in central control over the region.

Greater autonomy for the governing body in the Hill district. (correct)

Which event is directly related to federalism functioning in India?

Action plan requested for rain-hit States by the Centre.

Conversion of Manipur University into a Central University.

Announcement of a new municipal commissioner for Delhi.

Funds released under the rural water supply scheme for Arunachal Pradesh. (correct)

What implication does the signed tripartite Memorandum of Settlement have?

It highlights the need for federal government intervention. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential challenge to national unity highlighted by the content?

Disruptions by groups based on regional identity. Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic group is associated with the Northern region of Nigeria?

Hausa-Fulani Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of the conflicts among Nigeria's ethnic groups?

A military regime Signup and view all the answers

What was not allowed under the military-supervised constitution of 1979 in Nigeria?

Any state to have civil police Signup and view all the answers

What continues to present issues for the Nigerian federation after the restoration of democracy in 1999?

Control of oil resources Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary concern for Indian leaders before Independence regarding governance?

Recognizing regional and linguistic diversity Signup and view all the answers

What was debated during the negotiations before Partition regarding regional powers?

Finding a compromise for greater regional powers Signup and view all the answers

How did Indian leaders plan to govern a diverse country like India?

By dividing powers between provinces and the central government Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate goal of regional governance according to Indian leaders?

To ensure each region can govern autonomously Signup and view all the answers

What does the Armed Forces Special Powers Act rest upon?

Articles 33 and 34 of the Constitution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leads to tensions between the centre and the States in India?

The unitary bias of the Constitution Signup and view all the answers

What influences the federal structure of India according to the content?

The changing nature of political processes Signup and view all the answers

Who was instrumental in laying the foundation of Indian federalism in the 1950s?

Jawaharlal Nehru Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the relationship between the centre and the States in India?

A struggle for autonomy by States Signup and view all the answers

Why do States in India demand greater powers?

Because they seek more autonomy in governance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the judiciary concerning conflicts in India’s federal system?

To resolve legal disputes between the centre and the States Signup and view all the answers

What does autonomy demand from the central government primarily refer to?

More powers assigned to the States Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an aspect of financial autonomy demanded by States?

Independent sources of revenue Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable characteristic of the political landscape in the early years of Indian federalism?

Congress dominance over both the centre and the States Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a claim regarding the Constitution's bias?

It has a unitary bias favoring a strong centre Signup and view all the answers

Which States have made significant demands for autonomy?

Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for resolving demands for state autonomy?

Political negotiations Signup and view all the answers

What resentment do many States express towards the central government?

The central control over administrative machinery Signup and view all the answers

What cultural issue drives autonomy demands in Tamil Nadu?

Opposition to the domination of Hindi Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of autonomy demands across various States?

Need for more control over resources Signup and view all the answers

What political party in West Bengal has made autonomy demands?

Left Front Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding linguistic issues and autonomy?

Some States demand the advancement of their own languages and cultures Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main implications of autonomy demands for the structure of governance?

Redistribution of powers between the center and States Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of cultural autonomy demands by different States?

Validation of local languages and cultures Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the national movement in India?

Creation of states based on linguistic and cultural identity Signup and view all the answers

When was the States Reorganisation Commission established?

December 1953 Signup and view all the answers

Which states were created in 1960?

Gujarat and Maharashtra Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal for the reorganisation of states after independence?

To create states based on cultural and linguistic identities Signup and view all the answers

In which year did the major reorganisation of states occur based on the Commission's recommendations?

1956 Signup and view all the answers

Which major cultural aspect led to the demand for new states?

Common language and culture Signup and view all the answers

Which states were separated in 1966?

Punjab and Haryana Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the aspirations of the Indian national movement?

Achieving democracy Signup and view all the answers

What is the continuing process mentioned regarding states creation?

Formation of linguistic states Signup and view all the answers

What was a result of Indian national unity during the movement?

Increased call for regional states Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nigeria

Yoruba, Ibo and Hausa-Fulani are the three major ethnic groups.
The Yoruba controlled the West.
The Ibo controlled the East.
The Hausa-Fulani controlled the North.
Ethnic groups attempted to spread their influence to other regions, leading to conflicts and a military regime
The 1960 Constitution granted joint control of the Nigerian police to federal and regional governments.
The 1979 military-supervised constitution prohibited states from having their own civil police forces.
Democracy was restored in 1999.
There are ongoing problems in the federation due to religious differences and conflicts over control of oil revenue.
Local ethnic communities are hesitant to allow centralized control of oil resources.

India

There was awareness of the need to divide powers between provinces and the central government before Independence.
The Muslim League's demand for greater representation led to a compromise formula that granted significant power to the regions.

Federalism in the Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system, but with a leaning towards a unitary structure.
States have distinct identities, but the central government retains more power.
States have demanded greater autonomy over time.
The judiciary resolves legal disputes between the center and states or among states.
Political demands for autonomy require negotiations.

Center-State Relations

The Constitution provides a framework, but political processes shape federalism's actual application.
The period of Congress dominance during the 1950s and 1960s laid the foundation for federalism.

Demands for Autonomy

States have demanded greater autonomy from the central government:
- Shifting division of powers in favor of states.
- Greater financial autonomy and control over resources.
- Independent administrative powers for states.
- Autonomy related to cultural and linguistic issues.
Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and West Bengal as well as the DMK, Akali Dal, and CPI-M parties have advocated for autonomy.
The Left Front Government in West Bengal proposed restructuring center-state relations in 1977.

Demands for New States

The national movement fostered a sense of pan-Indian unity but also generated distinct regional and cultural identities.
The creation of linguistic states was decided during the national movement.
The States Reorganization Commission recommended the creation of linguistic states in 1953.
Reorganization of some states occurred in 1956, marking the beginning of the creation of linguistic states.
Gujarat and Maharashtra were created in 1960.
Punjab and Haryana were separated in 1966.

Functioning of Federalism

Federalism is illustrated through events such as:
- Granting of Sixth Schedule status to the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, increasing its autonomy.
- Center's request for detailed plans from rain-affected states
- Appointment of a new municipal commissioner for Delhi
- Conversion of Manipur University into a Central University.
- Release of funds to Arunachal Pradesh for rural water supply schemes.
- Incidents of conflict and tension between states and the center.
- The Shiv Sainiks demonstration in Mumbai against non-Maharashtrian students represents conflict between states and the center.

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Description

Explore the ethnic relationships and political structures in Nigeria and India through this engaging quiz. Discover how different ethnic groups and historical events have shaped governance and conflict in these two diverse nations. Test your knowledge on regional control, constitutional changes, and ongoing challenges.