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Questions and Answers
What is the primary object of study in ethics?
What is the primary object of study in ethics?
Which term means 'love of knowledge'?
Which term means 'love of knowledge'?
What does ethics offer as a systematic approach?
What does ethics offer as a systematic approach?
Who is a key figure associated with deontological ethics?
Who is a key figure associated with deontological ethics?
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What is the focus of deontological ethics?
What is the focus of deontological ethics?
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How does ethics differ from moral experience?
How does ethics differ from moral experience?
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What does the term 'categorical imperative' refer to in Kant's ethics?
What does the term 'categorical imperative' refer to in Kant's ethics?
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According to Aristotle, how do we become virtuous?
According to Aristotle, how do we become virtuous?
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What is intentional ignorance primarily used to protect?
What is intentional ignorance primarily used to protect?
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Which of the following can lead to a lack of full consent?
Which of the following can lead to a lack of full consent?
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What is an example of omission in actions?
What is an example of omission in actions?
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Which action involves persuading someone to act in a specific way?
Which action involves persuading someone to act in a specific way?
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What type of cooperation involves unknowingly assisting someone else's actions?
What type of cooperation involves unknowingly assisting someone else's actions?
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Which of the following is considered a frequent ethical issue in business?
Which of the following is considered a frequent ethical issue in business?
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What type of action directly enables another person to perform an action?
What type of action directly enables another person to perform an action?
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Which of the following represents tax evasion?
Which of the following represents tax evasion?
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What is one of the main goals of the UN Global Compact?
What is one of the main goals of the UN Global Compact?
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Which principle is NOT part of the standards of the International Labour Organisation?
Which principle is NOT part of the standards of the International Labour Organisation?
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Which of the following factors modifies individual moral responsibility?
Which of the following factors modifies individual moral responsibility?
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What does invincible ignorance refer to?
What does invincible ignorance refer to?
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Which principle aims to eliminate discrimination in employment?
Which principle aims to eliminate discrimination in employment?
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What does the term 'responsibility' origin from?
What does the term 'responsibility' origin from?
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What characterizes surmountable ignorance?
What characterizes surmountable ignorance?
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Which of the following is a component of responsible business management?
Which of the following is a component of responsible business management?
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What does cultural relativism reject?
What does cultural relativism reject?
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How does cultural imperialism manifest in a business context?
How does cultural imperialism manifest in a business context?
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What is a key critique of cultural relativism?
What is a key critique of cultural relativism?
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Which concept argues for the existence of absolute moral principles that should be respected universally?
Which concept argues for the existence of absolute moral principles that should be respected universally?
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What does the Golden Rule emphasize?
What does the Golden Rule emphasize?
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Which of the following best describes pluralism?
Which of the following best describes pluralism?
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What is implied by the term 'intrinsic dignity'?
What is implied by the term 'intrinsic dignity'?
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Why might moral judgment of cultural practices be problematic according to critiques of cultural relativism?
Why might moral judgment of cultural practices be problematic according to critiques of cultural relativism?
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What does the formula of humanity emphasize in ethical decision-making?
What does the formula of humanity emphasize in ethical decision-making?
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Which of the following best defines consequentialism?
Which of the following best defines consequentialism?
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Who are considered the founding figures of utilitarianism?
Who are considered the founding figures of utilitarianism?
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What is the principle of utility concerned with?
What is the principle of utility concerned with?
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Which virtue is associated with the ability to identify the good end in ethical decisions?
Which virtue is associated with the ability to identify the good end in ethical decisions?
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Which type of ethics focuses on the flourishing of individuals within their personal life contexts?
Which type of ethics focuses on the flourishing of individuals within their personal life contexts?
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What challenge does cultural diversity pose to business ethics, according to Mele?
What challenge does cultural diversity pose to business ethics, according to Mele?
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Which virtue helps individuals moderate their desires for pleasure?
Which virtue helps individuals moderate their desires for pleasure?
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Flashcards
Universalizability
Universalizability
The principle of assessing if actions can be universalized as moral law.
Formula of Humanity
Formula of Humanity
Act to treat humanity as an end, not merely as a means.
Consequentialism
Consequentialism
Moral evaluation based on the consequences of actions.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
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Principle of Utility
Principle of Utility
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Four Virtues
Four Virtues
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Personal Ethics
Personal Ethics
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Business Ethics
Business Ethics
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Ethics
Ethics
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Philosophy
Philosophy
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Practical Ethics
Practical Ethics
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Moral Experience
Moral Experience
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Deontological Ethics
Deontological Ethics
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Categorical Imperatives
Categorical Imperatives
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Agent-Centered Theories
Agent-Centered Theories
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Act-Centered Theories
Act-Centered Theories
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Cultural Relativism
Cultural Relativism
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Consequences of Cultural Relativism
Consequences of Cultural Relativism
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Criticism of Cultural Relativism
Criticism of Cultural Relativism
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Cultural Imperialism
Cultural Imperialism
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Moral Pluralism
Moral Pluralism
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Universalism
Universalism
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Intrinsic Dignity
Intrinsic Dignity
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Golden Rule
Golden Rule
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Human Rights
Human Rights
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Labour Standards
Labour Standards
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Environmental Responsibility
Environmental Responsibility
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Anti-Corruption
Anti-Corruption
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PRIME
PRIME
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Modifiers of Responsibility
Modifiers of Responsibility
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Invincible Ignorance
Invincible Ignorance
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Surmountable Ignorance
Surmountable Ignorance
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Intentional Ignorance
Intentional Ignorance
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Lack of Full Consent
Lack of Full Consent
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Action
Action
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Omission
Omission
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Induction
Induction
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Cooperation
Cooperation
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Ethical Issues in Business
Ethical Issues in Business
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Misappropriation
Misappropriation
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Study Notes
Lecture 1: Essential Characteristics of Ethics
- Ethics is the study of human behavior, a part of philosophy with practical applications.
- Ethics aims to guide human excellence and virtue.
- Philosophers investigate the reasons behind actions, choices, and decisions in individual and communal contexts.
- Ethical frameworks evaluate the morality of actions and behaviors, including personal and organizational contexts.
- Ethics distinguishes between "acts of man" (natural) and actions (voluntary).
- Ancient theories focus on the "agent," while modern theories emphasize the "act" itself, often abstracting from the person performing it.
Practical Aspects of Ethics
- Ethics, as defined by Mele (2019) is a guide for human excellence, aiming toward virtue (Aristotle, 2000).
- It's a systematic approach to understanding morality from a philosophical perspective.
- A systematic, rational perspective helps evaluate morality of actions, separate from the emotional reactions and values.
- Aristotle states that actions define who we are (“we become just by performing just acts, temperate by performing temperate ones, brave by performing brave ones").
Lecture 2: Deontological Ethics and Categorical Imperatives
- Deontological ethics is centered on duty and adherence to rules.
- Kant argued that ethics determines how the world "ought to be" rather than just how it is.
- Categorical imperatives, a core concept, involve universalizability (actions should be applicable to all circumstances) and treating individuals with intrinsic worth (never merely as a means).
- The "formula of universal law," suggests focusing on the maxim behind an action to determine its universal applicability.
- The "formula of humanity," emphasizes treating all individuals as ends in themselves, not simply as means to an end.
Lecture 2: Consequentialism and Utilitarianism
- Consequentialism focuses on the outcomes of actions, rather than the intentions or rules behind them.
- Utilitarianism, a specific consequentialist theory, aims to maximize happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people.
- Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill championed Utilitarianism, emphasizing the greatest happiness for the greatest number as the measure of right and wrong.
- The principle of utility prioritizes actions producing the most pleasure and least pain for the majority.
- Limitations include potential conflicts with individual rights or justice.
Lecture 2: Virtue Ethics
- Virtue ethics examines character traits and how they shape actions.
- Central concept is "eudaimonia" : flourishing/living a good life.
- Practical wisdom (prudence) is vital in identifying virtuous actions and choosing appropriate courses of action guided by virtues
- Virtue ethics looks to how we develop virtue in our actions so we lead better lives.
- Justice, Courage, Temperance, and Practical Wisdom are key virtues.
Lecture 2: Comparing Ethical Theories
- Ethical theories are presented and contrasted in terms of their approaches, core principles, proponents, and limitations
- Different types of ethical theories have different ways of looking at the moral issues raised.
Lecture 2: Personal, Business, and Social Ethics
- Personal ethics: guide individual behavior to promote flourishing.
- Business ethics: guide business practices to create positive societal impact
- Social ethics: address societal structures and systems for collective well-being.
Lecture 3: Individual Ethics in Business
- Responsibility derives from Latin "respondere"(to respond).
- Two main assumptions are the existence of someone we are responsible and freedom to act.
- Modifiers of responsibility are knowledge and consent
- Lack of consent or knowledge impacts moral responsibility, including: -Invincible or Surmountable Ignorance -Intentional Ignorance -Sociological and Mental Illness factors.
Lecture 3: Actions and Responsibility
- Actions (and omissions) shape an individual's moral responsibility
- Cooperation involves working with others, including formal and material cooperation in specific contexts.
- Voluntary actions, involuntary actions, and inducing actions affect responsibility in different ways.
Lecture 3: Frequent Ethical Issues in Business
- Key frequent ethical issues in business are a variety including:
- Misappropriation, Misuse, Intellectual Property Theft, Fraud, Conflicts of Interests and other ethical concerns.
Lecture 4: Cultural Relativism
- Cultural Relativism posits moral principles are relative to specific cultures.
- Cultural actions and practices may conflict, leading to differing approaches to morality across cultures.
- Criticisms include the lack of universal values, and difficulty in judging actions concerning cultural customs.
Lecture 4: Cultural Imperialism and Moral Pluralism
- Cultural Imperialism involves imposing a dominant culture on others.
- Moral Pluralism is the acceptance and understanding of multiple ethical viewpoints.
- Moral Pluralism recognizes different moral views without making judgments concerning which is best.
Lecture 4: UN Compact
- Ten UN principles divided into four areas: Human Rights, Labor, Environment, Anti-Corruption, to encourage responsible business within guidelines.
Lecture 4: Standards of International Labour Organisation
- The ILO standards cover Freedom of Association, Forced Labor, Abolition of Child Labor and Discrimination in Employment and Occupation.
Lecture 4-6: Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRIME)
- PRIME represents the efforts of universities in supporting UN Global Compact goals.
- This initiative encourages responsible management education encompassing various components of the business context.
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Description
Explore the foundational aspects of ethics as a branch of philosophy. This quiz delves into ethical frameworks, the distinction between voluntary and natural actions, and how ancient and modern theories approach morality. Enhance your understanding of what constitutes ethical behavior in personal and organizational contexts.