Ethics in Research and Institutional Review Boards

The systematic process of studying human behavior and mental processes by gathering and analyzing data, aiming to understand, predict, and explain these phenomena.

Gathering information through observations, surveys, experiments, or other methods to find patterns and relationships in human behavior.

Analyzing collected data to identify trends, correlations, and causal relationships that reveal insights into human behavior.

Drawing conclusions based on analyzed data, providing explanations for observed phenomena in human behavior.

The practice of using scientific methods to study human behavior and mental processes, minimizing biases and subjective interpretations.

The ability to repeat an experiment or observation under similar conditions and get consistent results, regardless of the observer.

Psychological research can help eliminate biases and incorrect beliefs about human behavior that are based on personal experiences or unreliable sources.

Psychological research is essential for understanding the underlying factors that influence human behavior, such as cognitive processes, emotions, and motivations.

A proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon that can be tested through research.

A statement or idea that can be proven false through research.

Reasoning that starts with specific observations and draws general conclusions.

Reasoning that begins with general principles and applies them to specific situations.

A well-supported explanation for a broad range of phenomena.

A specific, testable prediction derived from a larger theory.

The process of collecting and analyzing data to test a hypothesis.

Research that emphasizes the importance of careful observation and measurement.

The ability to repeat an experiment and get similar results.

The process of critically evaluating research claims and information.

Using research findings to make informed decisions in various aspects of life.

Identifying the sources of information and evaluating their credibility.

Considering the potential biases and motivations behind a claim.

A research method that examines changes in individuals or groups over an extended period, allowing for the study of developmental trajectories and patterns.

A research method that gathers data from a diverse group of participants at a single point in time, providing a snapshot of the population's characteristics.

The degree of association or relationship between two or more variables, indicating the strength and direction of their connection.

A statistical measure ranging from -1 to +1, showing the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.

A positive correlation occurs when variables move in the same direction. As one increases, so does the other, and vice versa for decreases.

A negative correlation occurs when variables move in opposite directions. A decrease in one corresponds to an increase in the other, and vice versa.

A situation where there is no relationship between variables, meaning changes in one do not predict changes in the other.

The ability to generalize the findings of a study to a broader group of people or situations.

Consistent inaccuracies in measurements or observations caused by flaws in the experimental setup, leading to skewed results.

The overall approach or systematic framework used to conduct research, including the methods, procedures, and analysis techniques.

A research method where behavior is observed in natural settings without manipulation, providing realistic insights into behavior.

A research method that examines existing records, documents, or data to answer research questions.

The potential for an observer's beliefs to influence their perception of the observed behavior.

Consistency between two or more observers when evaluating the same data.

A list of questions delivered to participants to gather information.

The tendency of individuals to give inaccurate or misleading information about their attitudes or beliefs.

Studying the influence of exercise on mental health over time.

Comparing exercise and mental health across different age groups.

A systematic investigation aimed at discovering and explaining facts, using empirical methods.

A research method that studies a single individual or a small group in depth.

The ability to apply the findings of a specific research study to a broader population.

A research method that involves collecting data from a large sample through surveys, questionnaires, or interviews.

A relationship between two or more variables that is not necessarily causal.

A research method that manipulates variables to determine cause and effect.

The part of the brain responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, including planning, decision-making, and impulse control.

The ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to experiences.

The idea that different parts of the brain are responsible for different functions.

A process where participants are informed about the true nature of a study after their participation is complete, especially if deception was used during the experiment.

An ethics committee that reviews and approves research protocols involving animals. It ensures the humane treatment and welfare of animals used in research.

A set of principles that guide responsible and moral research practices. It emphasizes protecting participants, minimizing harm, and ensuring informed consent.

A document that outlines the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits of a study, which participants must review and sign before participating. It ensures informed consent.

A regulatory body that reviews research involving human participants, ensuring ethical standards are met, protecting participants' rights, and minimizing potential harm.

The deliberate misdirection of participants about the true nature of a study, sometimes used to prevent bias in their responses. Ethical practices require debriefing after the study.

Designing research involving animals to minimize pain, distress, and discomfort, and to ensure their well-being throughout the study.

Ensuring that research adheres to ethical principles, protecting participants, and advancing scientific knowledge responsibly.

The perception of a relationship between two variables when none actually exists or when the relationship is weaker than it appears.

A substance or treatment that has no therapeutic effect, often used as a control in medical research.

Participants' expectations or beliefs influence their experience, leading to improvements in symptoms even with a non-effective treatment.

The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher in an experiment.

The variable that is measured or observed to determine the effect of the independent variable.

The probability of observing a particular outcome in a study if there is no real effect.

A relationship in which one variable is the cause for the other variable.

Analyzes data to determine the degree and direction of the relationship between two or more variables.

Ensuring each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for a study.

Assigning participants to different groups randomly to ensure that each group is representative of the population.

Differences between groups are unlikely to be due to chance variation alone.

A group of participants in a study that does not receive the treatment or intervention being studied.

A group of participants in a study that receives the treatment or intervention being studied.

A study in which neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment and who is receiving the placebo.

A process where experts in the field evaluate a research article before its publication, ensuring the study's quality, validity, and ethical conduct.

A research method that seeks to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables by manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable.

The variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to observe its influence on the dependent variable.

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment to see how it is affected by changes in the independent variable.

The ability of a measurement tool or instrument to consistently produce the same results when used repeatedly under similar conditions.

The extent to which a measurement tool or instrument accurately measures the construct it is intended to measure.

A type of validity that assesses the extent to which a research finding can be generalized to other settings, populations, or time periods.

A type of validity that assesses the extent to which a measurement tool accurately captures the underlying construct or characteristic it is intended to measure.

Type of validity that refers to how well a test or instrument appears to measure what it is intended to measure based on a superficial assessment.

The commitment to honesty, integrity, and accuracy in all aspects of the research process, including data collection, analysis, and reporting.

A correlation exists when changes in one variable are accompanied by changes in another variable. However, it doesn't guarantee cause and effect.

Factors that can influence the observed relationship between two variables but aren't directly investigated are called confounding variables.

A precise statement predicting the outcome of an experiment, usually proposing a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

A precise definition of how a variable will be measured or manipulated in a study, ensuring consistency.

To establish a cause-and-effect relationship, a well-designed experiment is the only scientific method. It requires precise design and implementation.

A researcher's expectations influencing the results of a study, often unintentionally.

A research design where either the participants or the researchers know which group is receiving the experimental treatment or placebo.

A set of principles guiding ethical research involving human participants, emphasizing informed consent, minimizing harm, and scientific necessity.

The ethical treatment and care of animals involved in research, minimizing their pain and distress.

Principles and guidelines for conducting research ethically, ensuring participant rights, dignity, and well-being, as well as research integrity.

A requirement for research involving minors, where a parent or guardian gives permission for their child's participation.

The practice of using animals in research, subject to ethical guidelines that prioritize their humane treatment and minimize harm.