30 Questions
What does the text suggest about the relationship between ethics and morals?
Ethics and morals can change if an individual's beliefs change.
What is the origin of the word 'ethics'?
From the Greek word 'ethos' meaning 'character.'
How do research ethics contribute to scientific research?
By protecting human subjects involved in research projects.
What distinguishes ethics from morality according to the text?
Ethics can change with time and place while morality is constant.
What event marked the birth of modern research ethics according to the text?
The Doctors Trial of 1946-1947.
How do ethical principles relate to maintaining moral integrity within a system of rules?
Maintaining moral integrity may sometimes require violating ethical principles within a specific system of rules.
What is one of the key requirements when discussing findings in tables, reports, and publications?
Ensuring individual anonymity
What is the primary purpose of providing informed consent to research subjects?
To enable subjects to make an informed decision
What is one of the components that should be included when describing the procedures to be followed in a research study?
Stating the purpose of the research
What is the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?
To ensure ethical standards are followed in research
Why is it important to inform research participants of their voluntary participation and right to withdraw?
To ensure autonomy and freedom of choice
What should a researcher provide when describing potential risks or discomforts to a participant?
Detail any risks or discomforts the participant may encounter
What type of experiments did Nazi doctors conduct on concentration camp inmates during World War II?
30 different types of experiments without anesthesia and consent
What were some of the outcomes suffered by the victims of the experiments conducted by Nazi doctors during World War II?
Indescribable pain, mutilation, permanent disability, and death
What was one type of experiment that involved exposing victims to extreme temperatures and altitudes during World War II?
Gather scientific information about the limits of the human body
What happened to 16 defendants in the Doctors Trial related to the Nazi physicians’ inhuman experiments?
They were convicted
What was the main focus of the Nuremberg Trials for Nazi war criminals?
Holding individuals accountable for war crimes
How many Nazi physicians were charged with conducting inhuman experiments on German civilians and nationals of other countries?
23
In Philip Zimbardo's 1972 study, why was the experiment cancelled after six days?
The prisoners became quite sadistic.
What was Laika's role in the Soviet space program?
She was the first living being to orbit the Earth.
What special treatment did Laika receive before her launch in the Sputnik 2 spacecraft?
She was served high nutrition gel as food and water.
What is the primary focus of the Helsinki Declaration?
Ensuring informed consent and ethical treatment of human subjects in medical research.
What do the studies of Philip Zimbardo and Laika have in common?
Both studies focused on psychological harm and ethical issues.
What was the significance of Laika being launched on November 3rd, 1957?
It made her the first living being to orbit the Earth.
What is the role of an independent investigator in biomedical research?
Supervising the research and ensuring the health of human subjects
What is a key principle within the Helsinki Declaration regarding research with children and mentally incompetent persons?
Ensuring special considerations and protections for their involvement
How does the Helsinki Declaration recommend obtaining informed consent from research participants?
By involving an independent investigator in the consent process
What is the significance of anonymity in encouraging ethical participation in research?
It ensures that participants' identities are never known
In terms of ethical participation, how does confidentiality differ from anonymity?
Anonymity promises to keep participants' identities unknown, while confidentiality allows sharing data without consent.
Why is it important to determine which medical situations are appropriate and safe for research, as mentioned in the document?
To ensure that research does not harm patients or subjects
Learn about the unethical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors during World War II on concentration camp inmates without consent or anesthesia, leading to pain, mutilation, disability, and death. Understand the impact and ethical violations in the name of research.
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