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Questions and Answers
What is the primary claim of Moral Realism?
The existence of moral facts and the truth (falsity) of moral judgments are independent of people's thoughts and perceptions.
How does Emotivism view moral judgments?
As mere expressions of our emotions and feelings, similar to exclamatory sentences.
What is the main difference between Moral Universalism and Moral Relativism?
Moral Universalism suggests that moral facts and principles are universal and apply to everyone, while Moral Relativism argues that moral facts and principles vary across different individuals or groups.
What does Moral Empiricism claim about the origin of moral knowledge?
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How does Ethical Subjectivism view the truth of moral judgments?
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What is the main difference between Empiricism and Rationalism?
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What is the primary focus of Normative Ethics?
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What is the main difference between Deontology and Teleology?
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What is the primary focus of Virtue Ethics?
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What is the primary focus of Applied Ethics?
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Study Notes
Cognitivism and Non-Cognitivism
- Moral judgments convey propositions, making them capable of being objectively true or false.
- Moral Realism claims that moral facts and the truth of moral judgments are independent of people's thoughts and perceptions.
- Ethical Subjectivism holds that the truth of ethical propositions is dependent on the attitudes or standards of a person or group.
Non-Cognitivism
- Denies that moral judgments are either true or false.
- Emotivism submits that moral judgments are mere expressions of our emotions and feelings.
Universalism vs. Relativism
- Moral Universalism theorizes that moral facts and principles apply to everybody in all places.
- Moral Relativism submits that different moral facts and principles apply to different persons or groups of individuals.
Empiricism vs. Rationalism vs. Intuitionism
- Moral Empiricism states that moral facts are known through observation and experience.
- Moral Rationalism contends that moral facts and principles are knowable a priori, by reason alone and without reference to experience.
- Moral Intuitionism submits that moral truths are knowable by intuition, without reference to any evidence.
Normative Ethics
- Examines ethical norms, guidelines about what is right, worthwhile, virtuous, or just.
- Evaluates standards for the rightness or wrongness of actions and determines a moral course of action.
Deontology
- Bases morality on independent moral rules or duties.
- Equates behaving morally with adherence to duties or moral rules, regardless of consequences.
Teleology
- Refers to moral systems that determine the moral value of actions by their outcomes or results.
Virtue Ethics
- Places emphasis on developing good habits of character.
Applied Ethics
- Philosophically examines specific, controversial moral issues.
- Attempts to determine the ethically correct course of action in specific realms of human action.
Subfields in Applied Ethics
- Bioethics: concerns ethical issues pertaining to life, biomedical researches, medicines, health care, and medical profession.
- Environmental Ethics: deals with moral issues concerning nature, ecosystem, and its nonhuman contents.
- Business Ethics: examines moral principles concerning business environment, corporate practices, policies, and conduct.
- Sexual Ethics: studies moral issues about sexuality and human sexual behavior.
- Social Ethics: deals with what is right for a society to do and how it should act as a whole.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of moral judgement, including cognitivism, moral realism, and ethical subjectivism. It explores the nature of moral truth and the role of individual attitudes in shaping moral propositions.
