Ethics Chapter 7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What do nonconsequential theories base morality on?

Outcomes of actions

Results of actions

Duties and obligations (correct)

Social contracts (correct)

What are natural rights?

Basic human rights that must not be violated.

What is John Locke's key principle?

The duty to avoid violating the rights of others.

What does the Equal Liberties Principle state?

Individuals must not violate the rights of others. Signup and view all the answers

The United Nations recognizes 6 types of basic human rights: Security, Due Process, Liberty, Political, Equality, and _____

Welfare Signup and view all the answers

What do Security Rights protect against?

Murder, injury, and torture. Signup and view all the answers

What do Due Process Rights ensure?

Fair and public trials. Signup and view all the answers

What do Liberty Rights protect?

Freedoms of belief, expression, association, and movement. Signup and view all the answers

What do Political Rights allow individuals to do?

Participate in politics. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Equality Rights?

Guarantee equal citizenship and freedom from discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

What do Welfare Rights provide?

Education and protection against severe poverty. Signup and view all the answers

What are Locke's two kinds of rights?

Positive and Negative Signup and view all the answers

What are Positive Rights?

Rights that entail someone else owes you something. Signup and view all the answers

What are Negative Rights?

Freedoms from interference from others. Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps for applying Natural Rights Theory?

<ol> <li>Consider all possible actions, 2) Eliminate options violating negative rights, 3) Fulfill positive rights obligations.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is a problem with Natural Rights Theory?

It connects rights to a higher power. Signup and view all the answers

What do Communitarians argue?

Community interests matter alongside individual rights. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Immanuel Kant?

A philosopher from Koenigsberg, known for his work on duty and moral philosophy. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Deontological' refer to?

Ethics based on obligation. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'autonomous' mean?

Self-rule. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Categorical Imperative?

A principle to determine moral duty without exceptions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two formulas for perfect moral duty?

Universality and Respect for Persons Signup and view all the answers

What does Universality state?

Act only on maxims that can be universalized. Signup and view all the answers

What does Respect for Persons mean?

Treat humanity always as an end, never merely as a means. Signup and view all the answers

What is Disinterested Rationality?

Reasoning without personal bias. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nonconsequential Theories

Centered on morality based on factors apart from actions' outcomes.
Factors may include duties, obligations, rights, laws, or social contracts.

Natural Rights

Focus on exclusive protection of fundamental human rights.
John Locke highlights the duty to not violate others' rights.

John Locke

Advocates for the principle of avoiding violation of others' rights.
Identified the concept of negative rights that are typically owed when a promise is made.

Equal Liberties Principle

Asserts that everyone is entitled to maximum rights and liberties as long as others are not infringed upon.
Encourages extension of rights without violating others' freedoms.

United Nations Basic Human Rights

Six essential types: Security, Due Process, Liberty, Political, Equality, Welfare.

Security Rights

Safeguard individuals against murder, injury, and torture.

Due Process Rights

Protect individuals from arbitrary punishments and ensure fair trials for accused individuals.

Liberty

Preserves freedoms in belief, expression, association, and movement.

Political Rights

Enable participation in politics through assembly, protest, voting, and public office service.

Equality Rights

Guarantee equal citizenship and equality before the law, ensuring freedom from discrimination.

Welfare Rights

Provide access to education and safeguards against starvation and severe poverty.

Locke's Two Types of Rights

Positive Rights: Entitlements owed by others; others are responsible for fulfilling these rights.
Negative Rights: Freedom from interference, emphasizing individual initiative.

Natural Rights Theory Application

Analyze all potential actions.
Disregard options violating negative rights.
Assess remaining options for any positive rights that imply obligations.

Problems with Natural Rights Theory

Lacks obligation for individuals to assist those in need.
Minimal personal responsibility for self-improvement.
Relies on divine sources for establishing rights.

Communitarian Perspective

Emphasizes the importance of community interests alongside individual rights.

Immanuel Kant

Lived from 1724 to 1804 in Koenigsberg, Prussia, never ventured far from home.
Believed in individual moral judgment linked to strict self-discipline.
Advocated for the critique of religious authority, promoting autonomy.

Deontological Ethics

Based on duty and obligation to act rightly.
Encourages logical consistency in moral actions.

Autonomy

Reflects the concept of "self-rule" in ethical decision-making.

Categorical Imperative

Defines moral duties as actions taken without exceptions, applicable universally.

Formulas for Moral Duty

Universality: Act only on maxims that could be universally accepted.
Respect for Persons: Treat individuals as ends in themselves, not merely as means to an end.

Disinterested Rationality

Focuses on reasoning devoid of personal bias or reference.

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Description

Dive into Chapter 7 of ethics focusing on nonconsequential ethical theories. This quiz covers key concepts such as nonconsequential theories and natural rights, emphasizing moral factors beyond outcomes. Perfect for students seeking to strengthen their understanding of ethical frameworks.