Questions and Answers
What are the 5 C's of morality?
What are the 4 sources for morality?
Subjectivism, Relativism, Objectivism
What is subjectivism?
The view that right actions are those sanctioned by a person.
What is relativism?
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What is moral objectivism?
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What is the purpose of laws?
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Are there laws that are not moral?
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What is morality?
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What is ethics?
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What is metaethics?
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What is normative ethics?
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What is applied ethics?
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What is the aim of morality?
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What are moral rights?
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What are political rights?
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What are legal rights?
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What is a negative right?
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What is a positive right?
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How are conflicts of rights resolved?
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What does conflict resolution and action guidance depend on?
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What is a moral dilemma?
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What is Deontology?
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How did Kant agree with Aristotle?
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What are the 2 types of duties?
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What are perfect duties?
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What are imperfect duties?
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What is Kant's categorical imperative?
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What are the 2 parts to the categorical imperative?
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What is C1 of the categorical imperative?
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What is C2 of the categorical imperative?
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What happens if an action cannot be universalized?
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What are disadvantages of Kant's imperative?
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What was Ross's theory?
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What are prima facie duties?
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What are the 7 prima facie duties?
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What is utilitarianism?
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What is the principle of utility?
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What did Bentham believe in?
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What is hedonistic utilitarianism?
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What is consequentialist theory?
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What did Mill believe in?
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What is the standard of goodness?
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What are 2 strengths of utilitarianism?
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What are weaknesses of utilitarianism?
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What are the 2 levels to deal with criticisms of rule utility?
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What is rule utility?
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What is act utility?
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What is justice?
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What is the ethic of care?
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What are the 2 principles of ethics of care?
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What prima facie conception does ethics of care use?
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What is a criticism of the ethic of care?
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What are the 4 things moral decisions under ethics of care based on?
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What is virtue ethics?
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What are the 2 types of virtues one must possess?
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What is a limitation of virtue ethics?
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What are the 4 principles of biomedical ethics?
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What is paternalism?
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What are the 2 kinds of paternalism?
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What is weak paternalism?
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What is strong paternalism?
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Study Notes
5 C's of Morality
- Includes cooperation, compromise, compassion, conquer, conflict.
Sources of Morality
- Subjectivism: Morality is individualistic, based on personal conscience and unpredictable.
- Relativism: Morality is culturally determined; all views are equally valid with no absolute moral rules.
- Objectivism: Moral norms exist independently of personal or cultural beliefs, validated by authority or reason.
Purpose and Nature of Laws
- Laws enforce social order and guide actions, but not all laws are inherently moral.
- Morality serves to generate cooperative behavior and regulate interpersonal relations.
Categories of Rights
- Moral Rights: Justified by enlightened conscience; focus on personal ethics.
- Political Rights: Legally validated rights that require moral justification for enforcement.
- Legal Rights: Rights associated with legal proceedings, requiring moral justification.
Rights Framework
- Negative Rights: Rights to non-interference, specifying who owes duties to individuals.
- Positive Rights: Welfare rights requiring provision of services/material for well-being, less clear about duty holders.
Conflict Resolution
- Conflicts of rights are resolved by assessing the need for the object of the right.
- Effective guidance depends on an objective standard of rightness.
Moral Decisions and Dilemmas
- Moral dilemmas arise when valid reasons exist for multiple actions; solutions depend on the strength of reasons.
- Conflicts often require weighing obligations based on duty types: perfect or imperfect.
Kantian Ethics
- Deontology: Focus on duty; actions are judged based on motives.
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Categorical Imperative: An unconditional moral law applicable universally, consists of:
- C1 (Universalizability): An action must be applicable to everyone.
- C2 (Humanity as an End): Individuals should never be treated merely as a means.
Limitations of Kant's Theory
- Absolute obligations (perfect duties) sometimes conflict with personal values or outcomes, leading to impractical moral judgments.
- Overemphasis on rationality and universal principles can ignore individual circumstances.
Ross's Theory
- Prima Facie Duties: Duties that are obligatory unless conflicting with more pressing duties.
- Seven prima facie duties include fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, and nonmaleficence.
Utilitarianism
- Ethical framework evaluating actions based on their consequences (cost-benefit analysis).
- Principle of Utility: Maximizing good outcomes and minimizing harm for the greatest number.
Ethical Theories
- Hedonistic Utilitarianism: Pleasure and pain as primary motivators; derived from Bentham's perspective.
- Mill's Standard of Goodness: Happiness is the ultimate desirable end; individual freedom is paramount in defining happiness.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism
- Strengths: Single, absolute principle; promotes altruism.
- Weaknesses: Difficulty in predicting outcomes; treats individuals as means rather than ends; judgments based solely on retrospective analysis.
Justice and Ethics of Care
- Justice requires equal consideration and treating similar cases similarly.
- Ethics of Care: Focuses on protecting relationships and minimizing harm, emphasizing context and individual vulnerability in moral decisions.
Virtue Ethics
- Centers on character and what constitutes a good life rather than specific actions.
- Includes intellectual virtues (education) and moral virtues (habituation).
Biomedical Ethics
- Four principles guide ethical decision-making: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice.
Paternalism
- Authority figures may restrict the autonomy of dependents, believing they know what is best.
- Weak Paternalism: Justifiable intervention in cases of apparent irrationality causing potential harm.
- Strong Paternalism: Justifiable overriding of autonomy to promote welfare and prevent harm, even if the individual is competent.
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Test your knowledge on the key concepts from Chapter 1 of Ethics with these flashcards. Discover important terms like the 5 C's of morality and the different sources that shape moral understanding. Perfect for students seeking to deepen their grasp of ethical principles.