Ethics Chapter 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are the 5 C's of morality?

  • Compromise (correct)
  • Conquer (correct)
  • Conflict (correct)
  • Cooperation (correct)
  • Compassion (correct)

What are the 4 sources for morality?

Subjectivism, Relativism, Objectivism

What is subjectivism?

The view that right actions are those sanctioned by a person.

What is relativism?

<p>The view that right actions are sanctioned by one's culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is moral objectivism?

<p>The view that there are moral norms or principles valid for everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of laws?

<p>To obligate and enforce social order and guide actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are there laws that are not moral?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is morality?

<p>A formal system meant to generate cooperative behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ethics?

<p>The study of morality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metaethics?

<p>The study of morality as a concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is normative ethics?

<p>Statements and principles that tell people how to live.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is applied ethics?

<p>Use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of morality?

<p>Generating cooperative behavior and regulating interpersonal relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are moral rights?

<p>Justified by reasoning of enlightened conscience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are political rights?

<p>Validated by laws which must be morally justified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are legal rights?

<p>Validated by laws which must be morally justified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a negative right?

<p>Rights to non-interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive right?

<p>Welfare rights for necessary items or services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are conflicts of rights resolved?

<p>By considering the degree of need for the object of the right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does conflict resolution and action guidance depend on?

<p>There being some objective standard of rightness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a moral dilemma?

<p>Occurs when we have good reasons for two or more alternative action choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Deontology?

<p>Duty-based morality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Kant agree with Aristotle?

<p>Humans differ from other living things by our ability to reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 types of duties?

<p>Perfect duties and imperfect duties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are perfect duties?

<p>Obligatory duties that can never be breached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are imperfect duties?

<p>Duties that aim at a particular outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Kant's categorical imperative?

<p>A universally binding moral requirement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 parts to the categorical imperative?

<p>C1 and C2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is C1 of the categorical imperative?

<p>Universalizability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is C2 of the categorical imperative?

<p>Humanity as an end in itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an action cannot be universalized?

<p>It is not morally appropriate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are disadvantages of Kant's imperative?

<ol> <li>Perfect duties obligate telling the truth 2) Beneficence always secondary to perfect duty 3) Not everyone agrees on absolute impartiality 4) Too much emphasis on rationality.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What was Ross's theory?

<p>Prima facie duties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are prima facie duties?

<p>Duties that are obligatory unless in conflict with another moral duty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 7 prima facie duties?

<ol> <li>Fidelity 2) Reparation 3) Gratitude 4) Justice 5) Beneficence 6) Self-improvement 7) Nonmaleficence.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is utilitarianism?

<p>Cost-benefit analysis determining rightness by outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of utility?

<p>Maximize good consequences and minimize harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Bentham believe in?

<p>Hedonistic utilitarianism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hedonistic utilitarianism?

<p>Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain in any situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is consequentialist theory?

<p>Rightness of actions depends solely on consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Mill believe in?

<p>Standard of goodness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard of goodness?

<p>Happiness is the only thing desirable as an end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 2 strengths of utilitarianism?

<ol> <li>Uses a single absolute principle 2) Believes morality is about helping people.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are weaknesses of utilitarianism?

<ol> <li>Difficult to know consequences fully 2) Looks at individuals like tools 3) Predictability of behavior 4) Judgments only made in retrospect.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 levels to deal with criticisms of rule utility?

<ol> <li>Rule utility 2) Act utility.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is rule utility?

<p>Right action conforms to rules benefiting everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is act utility?

<p>Rightness of actions depends on the relative good produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is justice?

<p>Each individual gets equal consideration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethic of care?

<p>A theory of moral development focusing on relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 principles of ethics of care?

<ol> <li>Minimize or avoid harm 2) Create, maintain, and protect positive relationships.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What prima facie conception does ethics of care use?

<p>Impartiality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of the ethic of care?

<p>Not directly applicable to individuals without relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 things moral decisions under ethics of care based on?

<ol> <li>Basis of one's affectedness 2) One's level of vulnerability 3) Dependence upon choices made 4) Context of situation.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is virtue ethics?

<p>How one ought to live and what type of person one should be.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 types of virtues one must possess?

<ol> <li>Intellectual virtues 2) Moral virtues.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of virtue ethics?

<p>Does not provide practical action guidance or conflict resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 principles of biomedical ethics?

<ol> <li>Autonomy 2) Beneficence 3) Nonmaleficence 4) Justice.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is paternalism?

<p>Authority figures restrict freedom of those dependent on them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 kinds of paternalism?

<ol> <li>Weak paternalism 2) Strong paternalism.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is weak paternalism?

<p>Permissible to interfere with a competent individual's autonomy in irrational situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is strong paternalism?

<p>Permissible to override competent individual's autonomy for beneficence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Subjectivism

Morality is based on individual conscience; no objective rules exist.

Relativism

Moral views are determined by culture; no universal standards.

Objectivism

Moral principles exist outside individual or cultural beliefs; validated by reason.

Moral Rights

Rights justified by moral principles; focus on personal ethics.

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Political Rights

Rights legally protected, requiring moral justification.

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Legal Rights

Rights linked to legal procedures; need moral basis.

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Negative Rights

Rights preventing others from interfering; clear duty holders.

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Positive Rights

Welfare rights; requires services/support; less clear duty holders.

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Conflict Resolution

Resolving conflicting rights by assessing need for the right's object.

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Moral Dilemmas

Situations with several valid options; requiring weighing strong reasons.

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Deontology

Ethical theory focusing on duty and motives.

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Categorical Imperative

Unconditional moral rule applicable to everyone universally.

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Universalizability

C1 of the Categorical Imperative, an action must apply to everyone.

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Humanity as an end

C2 of the Categorical Imperative: Treat people with respect, never as a means.

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Prima Facie Duties

Duties considered obligatory until conflicting with a stronger duty.

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Utilitarianism

Ethical theory evaluating actions based on consequences (cost-benefit analysis).

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Hedonistic Utilitarianism

Pleasure and pain motivate moral choices.

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Mill's Standard of Goodness

Happiness is the greatest good; individual freedom crucial.

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Ethics of Care

Focuses on protecting relationships and minimizing harm.

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Virtue Ethics

Focuses on good character rather than specific actions.

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Biomedical Ethics

Principles guiding healthcare decisions.

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Paternalism

Restricting autonomy based on perceived benefit.

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Weak Paternalism

Interfering to prevent harm from irrationality.

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Strong Paternalism

Interfering to promote well-being regardless of rationality.

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Principle of Utility

Maximize good, minimize harm for the greatest number.

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Study Notes

5 C's of Morality

  • Includes cooperation, compromise, compassion, conquer, conflict.

Sources of Morality

  • Subjectivism: Morality is individualistic, based on personal conscience and unpredictable.
  • Relativism: Morality is culturally determined; all views are equally valid with no absolute moral rules.
  • Objectivism: Moral norms exist independently of personal or cultural beliefs, validated by authority or reason.

Purpose and Nature of Laws

  • Laws enforce social order and guide actions, but not all laws are inherently moral.
  • Morality serves to generate cooperative behavior and regulate interpersonal relations.

Categories of Rights

  • Moral Rights: Justified by enlightened conscience; focus on personal ethics.
  • Political Rights: Legally validated rights that require moral justification for enforcement.
  • Legal Rights: Rights associated with legal proceedings, requiring moral justification.

Rights Framework

  • Negative Rights: Rights to non-interference, specifying who owes duties to individuals.
  • Positive Rights: Welfare rights requiring provision of services/material for well-being, less clear about duty holders.

Conflict Resolution

  • Conflicts of rights are resolved by assessing the need for the object of the right.
  • Effective guidance depends on an objective standard of rightness.

Moral Decisions and Dilemmas

  • Moral dilemmas arise when valid reasons exist for multiple actions; solutions depend on the strength of reasons.
  • Conflicts often require weighing obligations based on duty types: perfect or imperfect.

Kantian Ethics

  • Deontology: Focus on duty; actions are judged based on motives.
  • Categorical Imperative: An unconditional moral law applicable universally, consists of:
    • C1 (Universalizability): An action must be applicable to everyone.
    • C2 (Humanity as an End): Individuals should never be treated merely as a means.

Limitations of Kant's Theory

  • Absolute obligations (perfect duties) sometimes conflict with personal values or outcomes, leading to impractical moral judgments.
  • Overemphasis on rationality and universal principles can ignore individual circumstances.

Ross's Theory

  • Prima Facie Duties: Duties that are obligatory unless conflicting with more pressing duties.
  • Seven prima facie duties include fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, and nonmaleficence.

Utilitarianism

  • Ethical framework evaluating actions based on their consequences (cost-benefit analysis).
  • Principle of Utility: Maximizing good outcomes and minimizing harm for the greatest number.

Ethical Theories

  • Hedonistic Utilitarianism: Pleasure and pain as primary motivators; derived from Bentham's perspective.
  • Mill's Standard of Goodness: Happiness is the ultimate desirable end; individual freedom is paramount in defining happiness.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism

  • Strengths: Single, absolute principle; promotes altruism.
  • Weaknesses: Difficulty in predicting outcomes; treats individuals as means rather than ends; judgments based solely on retrospective analysis.

Justice and Ethics of Care

  • Justice requires equal consideration and treating similar cases similarly.
  • Ethics of Care: Focuses on protecting relationships and minimizing harm, emphasizing context and individual vulnerability in moral decisions.

Virtue Ethics

  • Centers on character and what constitutes a good life rather than specific actions.
  • Includes intellectual virtues (education) and moral virtues (habituation).

Biomedical Ethics

  • Four principles guide ethical decision-making: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice.

Paternalism

  • Authority figures may restrict the autonomy of dependents, believing they know what is best.
  • Weak Paternalism: Justifiable intervention in cases of apparent irrationality causing potential harm.
  • Strong Paternalism: Justifiable overriding of autonomy to promote welfare and prevent harm, even if the individual is competent.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts from Chapter 1 of Ethics with these flashcards. Discover important terms like the 5 C's of morality and the different sources that shape moral understanding. Perfect for students seeking to deepen their grasp of ethical principles.

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