Ethics Chapter 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are the 5 C's of morality?

  • Compromise (correct)
  • Conquer (correct)
  • Conflict (correct)
  • Cooperation (correct)
  • Compassion (correct)
  • What are the 4 sources for morality?

    Subjectivism, Relativism, Objectivism

    What is subjectivism?

    The view that right actions are those sanctioned by a person.

    What is relativism?

    <p>The view that right actions are sanctioned by one's culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is moral objectivism?

    <p>The view that there are moral norms or principles valid for everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of laws?

    <p>To obligate and enforce social order and guide actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are there laws that are not moral?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is morality?

    <p>A formal system meant to generate cooperative behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ethics?

    <p>The study of morality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metaethics?

    <p>The study of morality as a concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is normative ethics?

    <p>Statements and principles that tell people how to live.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is applied ethics?

    <p>Use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of morality?

    <p>Generating cooperative behavior and regulating interpersonal relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are moral rights?

    <p>Justified by reasoning of enlightened conscience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are political rights?

    <p>Validated by laws which must be morally justified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are legal rights?

    <p>Validated by laws which must be morally justified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a negative right?

    <p>Rights to non-interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive right?

    <p>Welfare rights for necessary items or services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are conflicts of rights resolved?

    <p>By considering the degree of need for the object of the right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does conflict resolution and action guidance depend on?

    <p>There being some objective standard of rightness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moral dilemma?

    <p>Occurs when we have good reasons for two or more alternative action choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Deontology?

    <p>Duty-based morality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Kant agree with Aristotle?

    <p>Humans differ from other living things by our ability to reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 types of duties?

    <p>Perfect duties and imperfect duties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are perfect duties?

    <p>Obligatory duties that can never be breached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are imperfect duties?

    <p>Duties that aim at a particular outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Kant's categorical imperative?

    <p>A universally binding moral requirement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 parts to the categorical imperative?

    <p>C1 and C2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is C1 of the categorical imperative?

    <p>Universalizability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is C2 of the categorical imperative?

    <p>Humanity as an end in itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if an action cannot be universalized?

    <p>It is not morally appropriate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are disadvantages of Kant's imperative?

    <ol> <li>Perfect duties obligate telling the truth 2) Beneficence always secondary to perfect duty 3) Not everyone agrees on absolute impartiality 4) Too much emphasis on rationality.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Ross's theory?

    <p>Prima facie duties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are prima facie duties?

    <p>Duties that are obligatory unless in conflict with another moral duty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 7 prima facie duties?

    <ol> <li>Fidelity 2) Reparation 3) Gratitude 4) Justice 5) Beneficence 6) Self-improvement 7) Nonmaleficence.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is utilitarianism?

    <p>Cost-benefit analysis determining rightness by outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of utility?

    <p>Maximize good consequences and minimize harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bentham believe in?

    <p>Hedonistic utilitarianism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hedonistic utilitarianism?

    <p>Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain in any situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is consequentialist theory?

    <p>Rightness of actions depends solely on consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mill believe in?

    <p>Standard of goodness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard of goodness?

    <p>Happiness is the only thing desirable as an end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 2 strengths of utilitarianism?

    <ol> <li>Uses a single absolute principle 2) Believes morality is about helping people.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are weaknesses of utilitarianism?

    <ol> <li>Difficult to know consequences fully 2) Looks at individuals like tools 3) Predictability of behavior 4) Judgments only made in retrospect.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 levels to deal with criticisms of rule utility?

    <ol> <li>Rule utility 2) Act utility.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rule utility?

    <p>Right action conforms to rules benefiting everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is act utility?

    <p>Rightness of actions depends on the relative good produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is justice?

    <p>Each individual gets equal consideration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ethic of care?

    <p>A theory of moral development focusing on relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 principles of ethics of care?

    <ol> <li>Minimize or avoid harm 2) Create, maintain, and protect positive relationships.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What prima facie conception does ethics of care use?

    <p>Impartiality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of the ethic of care?

    <p>Not directly applicable to individuals without relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 things moral decisions under ethics of care based on?

    <ol> <li>Basis of one's affectedness 2) One's level of vulnerability 3) Dependence upon choices made 4) Context of situation.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is virtue ethics?

    <p>How one ought to live and what type of person one should be.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 types of virtues one must possess?

    <ol> <li>Intellectual virtues 2) Moral virtues.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of virtue ethics?

    <p>Does not provide practical action guidance or conflict resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 principles of biomedical ethics?

    <ol> <li>Autonomy 2) Beneficence 3) Nonmaleficence 4) Justice.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is paternalism?

    <p>Authority figures restrict freedom of those dependent on them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 kinds of paternalism?

    <ol> <li>Weak paternalism 2) Strong paternalism.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is weak paternalism?

    <p>Permissible to interfere with a competent individual's autonomy in irrational situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is strong paternalism?

    <p>Permissible to override competent individual's autonomy for beneficence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    5 C's of Morality

    • Includes cooperation, compromise, compassion, conquer, conflict.

    Sources of Morality

    • Subjectivism: Morality is individualistic, based on personal conscience and unpredictable.
    • Relativism: Morality is culturally determined; all views are equally valid with no absolute moral rules.
    • Objectivism: Moral norms exist independently of personal or cultural beliefs, validated by authority or reason.

    Purpose and Nature of Laws

    • Laws enforce social order and guide actions, but not all laws are inherently moral.
    • Morality serves to generate cooperative behavior and regulate interpersonal relations.

    Categories of Rights

    • Moral Rights: Justified by enlightened conscience; focus on personal ethics.
    • Political Rights: Legally validated rights that require moral justification for enforcement.
    • Legal Rights: Rights associated with legal proceedings, requiring moral justification.

    Rights Framework

    • Negative Rights: Rights to non-interference, specifying who owes duties to individuals.
    • Positive Rights: Welfare rights requiring provision of services/material for well-being, less clear about duty holders.

    Conflict Resolution

    • Conflicts of rights are resolved by assessing the need for the object of the right.
    • Effective guidance depends on an objective standard of rightness.

    Moral Decisions and Dilemmas

    • Moral dilemmas arise when valid reasons exist for multiple actions; solutions depend on the strength of reasons.
    • Conflicts often require weighing obligations based on duty types: perfect or imperfect.

    Kantian Ethics

    • Deontology: Focus on duty; actions are judged based on motives.
    • Categorical Imperative: An unconditional moral law applicable universally, consists of:
      • C1 (Universalizability): An action must be applicable to everyone.
      • C2 (Humanity as an End): Individuals should never be treated merely as a means.

    Limitations of Kant's Theory

    • Absolute obligations (perfect duties) sometimes conflict with personal values or outcomes, leading to impractical moral judgments.
    • Overemphasis on rationality and universal principles can ignore individual circumstances.

    Ross's Theory

    • Prima Facie Duties: Duties that are obligatory unless conflicting with more pressing duties.
    • Seven prima facie duties include fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, and nonmaleficence.

    Utilitarianism

    • Ethical framework evaluating actions based on their consequences (cost-benefit analysis).
    • Principle of Utility: Maximizing good outcomes and minimizing harm for the greatest number.

    Ethical Theories

    • Hedonistic Utilitarianism: Pleasure and pain as primary motivators; derived from Bentham's perspective.
    • Mill's Standard of Goodness: Happiness is the ultimate desirable end; individual freedom is paramount in defining happiness.

    Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism

    • Strengths: Single, absolute principle; promotes altruism.
    • Weaknesses: Difficulty in predicting outcomes; treats individuals as means rather than ends; judgments based solely on retrospective analysis.

    Justice and Ethics of Care

    • Justice requires equal consideration and treating similar cases similarly.
    • Ethics of Care: Focuses on protecting relationships and minimizing harm, emphasizing context and individual vulnerability in moral decisions.

    Virtue Ethics

    • Centers on character and what constitutes a good life rather than specific actions.
    • Includes intellectual virtues (education) and moral virtues (habituation).

    Biomedical Ethics

    • Four principles guide ethical decision-making: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice.

    Paternalism

    • Authority figures may restrict the autonomy of dependents, believing they know what is best.
    • Weak Paternalism: Justifiable intervention in cases of apparent irrationality causing potential harm.
    • Strong Paternalism: Justifiable overriding of autonomy to promote welfare and prevent harm, even if the individual is competent.

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    Test your knowledge on the key concepts from Chapter 1 of Ethics with these flashcards. Discover important terms like the 5 C's of morality and the different sources that shape moral understanding. Perfect for students seeking to deepen their grasp of ethical principles.

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