Ethics and Environmentalism

<p>As a biotic mechanism and 'energy circuit,' where energy flows through a food web. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualism is about the primary moral concern at individual organisms, ecocentrism is focused on whole ecosystems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meta-Ethics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining whether actions are right or wrong and establishing a basis for moral duties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive egoism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It dictates people should prioritize their self-interest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A true ethical egoist would hide their view, making it unsuitable for an ethical system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual subjective views or cultural norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It struggles to account for objective moral outrage due to cultural differences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By the consequences and overall welfare produced by the action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Universalizability of moral maxims and treating humanity as an end in itself. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make individuals think impartially by considering principles applicable to everyone, regardless of their social status. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That moral actions flow from a virtuous character and habitual disposition, and that one should act as a virtuous person would. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The possession of life, regardless of other factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It treats everyone's welfare equally, regardless of their status. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The description of an act of obligation and its intention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The necessity of changing human perspectives and overcoming resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea of an entity with recognized interests that must be respected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The obligation to ensure the legal relief benefits human interests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cover the remediation costs of environmental damage and to preserve funds until effective tech emerges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animals have moral value only as property or as something that is relative to the interests of humans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><em>Phronesis</em> is essential to virtue ethics because it is the ability to discern precisely how to act in a given circumstance, acting as the virtuous person would. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It grants nature the right of integral respect for its existence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They highlight how indigenous cultures have already codified similar rights. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote a change in thinking that benefits humans and nature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It needs to stay alive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because natural objects cannot represent themselves in court. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stream would receive funds and action to restore it to a healthy condition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their ability to experience suffering and pleasure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By arguing that comparing groups to animals has been used to dehumanize people. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their status as subjects of a life with goals, identity, and capacity to suffer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acknowledging a responsibility to domesticated animals who should be full members of society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Denizens are only protected from human violence and abuse but do not possess full societal rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It would force us to intervene in natural processes to stop animal suffering, potentially disrupting the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They deserve equal moral consideration to humans based on their capacity to suffer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mill distinguishes between the quality of different pleasures, suggesting human suffering may be qualitatively different. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that one's own species has the sole possession of moral standing and therefore are superior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The right to their own territory and movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The systematic study of actions, evaluating whether they are right or wrong, and exploring the reasons behind those judgments.

The most abstract level of ethical inquiry, questioning the very nature of good and bad.

Focuses on defining moral duties and establishing their foundation.

Applies ethical principles to specific areas of life, like medicine, business, or military.

The theory that all actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest.

Claims that there are no universal moral standards, with morality being relative to individuals or cultures.

The branch of ethics concerned with understanding and justifying our moral obligations.

A form of consequentialism where the morality of an action is determined by its consequences. The goal is to maximize overall welfare.

The overall well-being of those affected by an action.

An action that maximizes welfare for the greatest number of people.

A moral philosophy that emphasizes rules and principles governing behavior, regardless of consequences.

Kant's main principle of morality, stating that actions should be universalizable without contradiction.

A moral framework that bases morality on agreements and contracts between individuals.

A hypothetical situation where individuals make decisions without knowing their own social position or characteristics.

A moral philosophy that emphasizes virtue and character development as the key to ethical living.

An entity's inherent value or worth, independent of any external factors like usefulness to others.

The view that all living things deserve equal rights or inherent value. It recognizes a moral obligation to protect and respect all life, regardless of species or sentience. It applies the same moral rules to both humans and non-humans.

A specific geographic area where living organisms interact with each other and their physical environment. It's characterized by interconnected relationships between plants, animals, and non-living components like soil, water, and climate.

A complex web of interconnected ecosystems, encompassing all life and non-life on Earth. It emphasizes the global interdependence of living things and the importance of maintaining its integrity.

This ethic advocates for extending moral concern to the natural environment, including land, soil, water, plants, and animals. It recognizes the intrinsic value of ecosystems and emphasizes the interconnectedness of living and non-living elements.

This view emphasizes the importance of protecting and managing ecosystems as a whole, rather than focusing on individual organisms or their psychological experiences. It recognizes the value of ecosystem functions and the importance of maintaining ecological balance.

The belief that some species, usually humans, have a higher moral standing than others due to inherent qualities.

The argument that sentience, or the capacity to suffer, is the basis for equal moral consideration.

A movement advocating for the abolition of animal exploitation, drawing parallels to the abolition of slavery.

A concept that sets a higher threshold for moral consideration, requiring a sense of self, goals, and projects.

A political theory that proposes full membership in the human-animal community for domesticated animals, including healthcare, representation, and legal protection.

A framework for understanding the moral standing of animals living in close proximity to humans, but not domesticated.

The stance that prioritizes the well-being of animals, even at the expense of certain environmental preservation efforts.

A philosophy that emphasizes the preservation of natural ecosystems, even if animal suffering is a consequence.

A theory which argues that wild animals should have sovereignty over their habitats, including rights to place and mobility.

A state of co-existence in which human-made environments and animals coexist with minimal conflict and harm.

The idea that non-human entities, like forests or rivers, should have legal rights to protect their well-being, just like individuals.

A legal principle where a natural entity can initiate legal actions through representatives (e.g., government agencies or NGOs) to protect its interests.

The court must consider the harm done to a natural entity in deciding on legal remedies.

Legal relief granted for a natural object's harm must directly benefit the object, not just humans affected by it.

Trust funds proposed to cover environmental costs associated with pollution, based on the principle of restoring damaged ecosystems.

The constitution of Ecuador recognizes the rights of nature, empowering citizens to protect and enforce its well-being.

Examples of indigenous communities (e.g., Whananui River in New Zealand) granting legal personhood to natural entities, based on their deep respect for the environment.

The concept of 'interest' in a natural object can be understood through its natural function, like a knife's purpose to cut.

While natural entities may not experience pain, their existence and well-being are essential for their functioning, which can be seen as their 'interest'.