Ethical Use of Computers

• Exploitation involves dishonest or unethical actions to take advantage of someone's work or resources.
• Libel includes insults, slurs, or slander, whether written, spoken, or through actions and can occur if accusations are untrue.
• Software piracy is installing or copying software without a license or disregarding copyrights.

How Computers Work

• Computers work using machine language and binary numbers.

How Computers Interpret Data

• Pressure pads under keys send information to the CPU for processing when a letter is typed.
• The information is transmitted in 0s and 1s using ASCII.
• The CPU determines the character and sends it to the monitor in 0s and 1s.
• The monitor displays the information in a human-readable format.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

• ASCII is a standard that assigns letters, numbers, and characters within 256 slots in the 8-bit code.
• It is a common character encoding format for text data on computers and the internet.
• Standard ASCII-encoded data has unique values for 128 alphabetic, numeric, special characters, and control codes.
• Most computers use ASCII to convert characters into 0s and 1s, using a 7-bit code for letters, numbers, and basic special characters.

Programmers

• They create programs.
• Programs can be developed based on the programmer's familiarity with the programming language.
• Codes is another term for program.
• Writing programs/code is called programming/coding.

Computer Communication

• Computers can communicate through wired or wireless connections, or depending on the situation.

System Bus

• A system bus allows computers to communicate.
• It's a pathway composed of cables and connectors.
• It is used to carry data from peripheral devices (monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.) to the CPU and main memory.

Types of Busses

• Data Bus: Transfers data to and from the memory or the CPU.
• Address Bus: Specifies physical addresses for instructions, files, and other devices.
• Control Bus: Enables CPUs to communicate with other devices.

Connecting Computers

• Computers can connect over networks.

Computer Network

• A computer network is an interconnection of two or more computers.
• It provides the sharing of information and resources.

Types of Computer Networks

• Personal Area Network (PAN) is limited to an individual's personal devices, typically within 10 meters.
• Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers and devices like network printers within a building or small campus.
• Wide Area Network (WAN) is similar to the internet.
• It can consist of several WANs and PANs or several WANs.

Methods of Communication

• Connections are categorized into wired and wireless.

Wired Communication

• Uses cables such as coaxial, fiber optic, Ethernet, and traditional telephone lines.
• USB: Allows computer-peripheral communication.
• FireWire: Transmits data to/from devices with high data rates, such as external hard drives.
• Ethernet Cable: Transmits signals between computer and network devices.
• HDMI: A connector for transmitting audio/video data to compatible devices, projectors, and digital televisions.
• VGA: is a standard connector used for computer video output.
• Serial: Standard connection for modems, printers, mice, and peripherals.
• Parallel: Type of interface found on early computers for connecting peripherals.
• PS/2: Connects a mouse and keyboard, color-coded for identification.
• Audio Jacks: Used for microphones (input) and speakers (output).
• It uses color codes.

Wireless Communication

• The transmission of voice and data without cable or wires.
• WiFi: Uses radio waves to transmit information wirelessly across a network.
• Bluetooth: Uses radio waves to connect to other devices.

Human-Computer Communication

• Humans communicate with computers through computer software.

Computer Software

• Computer software is a combination of instructions, data, and programs needed to perform tasks.
• Another term used for computer software is computer programs
• Application software is designed for specific tasks other than computer operation, typically for end-users.
• System software manages computer memory, instructions, and hardware.
• it is also called the Operating System (OS).
• It is the most important part of software running on a computer.

Computer Interaction

• Computer interaction can occur via command-line OS (e.g., DOS responding to text commands).
• Another type of interaction is a graphical interface (GUI) OS (e.g., Windows) using pictures and buttons.

Impact on Everyday Life

• Computers influence education and banking.

Fundamental WWW Technologies

• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a standard markup language for web pages.
• It is a set of markup symbols or codes appended in a file intended for presentation on the World Wide Web browser page.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a set of standards allowing users to interchange information on web pages.
• Port 80 is the standard port for HTTP connections.
• Web servers and web browsers are software applications for recovering, presenting, and navigating information resources.
• It retrieves information from other parts of the web and displays it on your desktop or mobile device.

Internet Jobs

• The internet can move, transfer, or assign computerized information.
• ex. text documents, images, videos, and software programs

Data Travel on Internet

• Data is transferred from one network to another until its final destination.
• Data and information are transferred globally through wired and wireless media, like video.

Basic Stages of Web Works

• The four basic stages of how the web works are connection, request, response, and close.

Parts of a URL

• Protocol identifier
• Domain name
• Path
• Filename

Web Administrator

• Maintains a website for its owner, modifying content and adding information.

Search Tricks

• Using quotes searches for an exact phrase.
• Using an asterisk (*) finds unknown words.
• Using the minus sign (-) eliminates results.
• Using "vs" compares things.
• Using "DEFINE" finds the meaning of words.
• Can search images using image in the search bar

Introduction to Resources

• Resources are total means a company has for profit, including land, labor, capital, raw materials, money, equipment, manpower, etc..
• Resources that can be drawn by a person or organization.

Organizational Assets

• Include Building, Equipment, Manpower (Important Resources)
• Both tangible and intangible (money/property etc)

Physical Resources

• Those are tangible and easily identified
• Starts from acquisition & are then assembled to be available for use when needed

Conceptual Resources

• The non-tangible and are considered valuable for what they represent rather than their physical make-up

Information as a Resource

• Can be simply defined as “facts about something/someone that are provided or earned.
• FACTS are considered relevant truths which have been validated & identified.
• DATA is considered facts; therefore, “processed data are considered as “information” as they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves.

Information Is Considered As

• Expandable
• Compressible
• Transportable
• Diffusive
• Sharable

Valuable Information

• Valuable information has the following characteristics:
• Accurate
• Complete
• Economical
• Relatable
• Flexible
• Relevant
• Simple
• Timely
• Verified
• Accessible
• Secure

Information, as a Resources: Four Characteristics

Zero Marginal Cost
Non – Rivalrous
Non - Exclusive
No Transparency