Ethical Theories and Experiences
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Questions and Answers

What transforms an individual into a state of responsibility for another person during an emergency?

  • Emotional awareness
  • The presence of authority
  • Rational thought
  • The 'scream' (correct)

According to Levinas, how do face-to-face encounters affect our ethical responsibility?

  • They remind us of our responsibility for the other. (correct)
  • They create emotional indifference.
  • They diminish our capacity for ethical judgments.
  • They emphasize individualist perspectives.

What does Aristotle's doctrine of the mean advocate for in ethical behavior?

  • Following rigid rules regardless of circumstances.
  • Seeking extreme actions in every situation.
  • Avoiding any form of excess and seeking moderation. (correct)
  • Prioritizing personal happiness over communal well-being.

In deontological ethics, what is the nature of a 'duty'?

<p>Something one is required to do. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the highest form of happiness according to teleological ethics?

<p>Developing character through reasoning and virtue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does authority play in shaping one's ethical experience?

<p>It generates a conscious obligation to respond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the approach of 'pure reason' in Kant's ethical framework?

<p>It views morality as derived from divine reason. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an individual's ethical sense develop according to the obligation framework?

<p>It arises from external commands or authorities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Practical Reason according to Kant?

<p>Making conscious choices based on principles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the most important aspect of action in the C.I.A framework?

<p>Action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of human freedom posits that free will is only an illusion?

<p>Naturalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of conscience emphasizes the development of moral reasoning over time?

<p>Conscience as a process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kant, humans can only achieve the supreme good through which of the following?

<p>The existence of God (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Categorical Imperative require individuals to do?

<p>Act in a way that could be a universal law (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes habits that consistently lead to a positive moral outcome?

<p>Virtues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misunderstanding of conscience involves dismissing a bad action because 'everyone does it'?

<p>Trivialization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical framework is primarily concerned with duty-driven actions?

<p>Deontological (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an intrinsic evil determined by, according to the content?

<p>The action itself (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three senses of conscience?

<p>Conscience as a decision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle suggests we act based on how we would want everyone else to act?

<p>Categorical Imperative (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Levinas's philosophy emphasizes the significance of the human face?

<p>It reveals the presence of God (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about responsibility for actions in Social Determinism?

<p>Freedom is a product of societal influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a legalistic conscience and a lax conscience?

<p>A legalistic conscience is concerned with whether an act is right or wrong, while a lax conscience is not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Aristotle believe is the source of true happiness?

<p>Fulfillment of one's human nature through virtuous actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal virtues according to St. Thomas Aquinas?

<p>Charity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sensible goods and intelligible goods according to Aristotle?

<p>Sensible goods are experienced through the senses, while intelligible goods are understood by reason. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an intelligible good according to Aristotle?

<p>Physical Beauty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, how does one's moral identity develop?

<p>Through the choices and actions one makes over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key element within the CIA framework that determines the morality of an action?

<p>Action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a person with a wrongly formed conscience?

<p>An inability to distinguish between right and wrong. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of someone with excessive guilt?

<p>A tendency to feel guilty even for minor mistakes or transgressions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content provided, what is the relationship between a good life and happiness?

<p>A good life and happiness are interconnected, with virtuous living leading to both a good life and happiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

The Scream

A sudden, urgent call for help that prompts immediate action and ethical responsibility. It evokes a shift from a state of relaxation to a state of immediate action directed towards the well-being of another individual.

The Beggar

A face-to-face interaction that prompts us to consider our responsibilities towards others. It emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations in human interaction.

The Obligation

An obligation arising from an order or command given by an authority figure, demanding a response and highlighting the ethical dimension of obedience.

Teleological Ethics

A branch of ethics focusing on the purpose and intended outcome of actions. It emphasizes the development of virtuous character through reasoned actions and habits, leading to a state of happiness.

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Virtues

Excellent character traits that are developed through consistent virtuous actions and habits, leading to a life of fulfillment and happiness.

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Deontological Ethics

A theory of ethics that emphasizes the importance of duty and obligation as the foundation for ethical actions. It emphasizes reason and universal principles of morality, independent of individual desires or consequences.

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Pure Reason

The capacity to make decisions solely based on reason and logic, guided by principles of right and wrong that are independent of desires or instincts.

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Desire Instinct

The inherent drive or inclination to act based on instinctive desires and impulses, often without considering ethical principles.

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Wrongly Formed Conscience

A conscience formed on inaccurate or mistaken information. This means your understanding of what is right and wrong might be based on flawed ideas.

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Lax Conscience

A lack of concern about the morality of an action. This person may not care or think about whether something is right or wrong.

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Legalistic Conscience

Strict adherence to rules, focusing on the letter of the law rather than its spirit. This person may be overly concerned about following rules without considering the deeper meaning or purpose.

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Warranted Guilt

Guilt that is justified because you know an action is wrong but choose to do it anyway.

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Unwarranted Guilt

Guilt that has no valid reason. This can happen when your conscience is wrongly formed, leading you to feel guilty for something that is not actually wrong.

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Too Little Guilt

Describes someone who sins so much that they are no longer aware or sensitive to their wrongdoing. They may feel immune or desensitized to the consequences of their actions.

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Excessive Guilt

Feeling guilty to a degree that is disproportionate to the severity of the wrongdoing. This often comes from a legalistic conscience.

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Ethics

The study of morality and ethics. It's about how we form our character and the principles that guide our behavior.

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Moral Agent

An individual with the ability to understand right and wrong, who has the capacity for moral reasoning and decision-making. They have the freedom to choose between right and wrong actions.

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Intention

The reason behind your actions or decisions. Your intention can make a good action bad, but it cannot make a bad action good.

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Theoretical Reason

The way we come to know how natural laws govern human behavior.

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Practical Reason

Helps us understand how people make choices and act based on conscious principles.

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Good Will

The will to do our duty for no other reason than it is our duty. It's about acting morally, even when it's hard.

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Categorical Imperative

A command or moral law all persons must follow, regardless of desires or circumstances. It's a universal principle for ethical behavior.

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Action

The objective aspect of an action that can be judged as good or evil. It's 'what' is done.

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Circumstance

The external factors surrounding an action. They can be good/bad, neutral, and affect an action's outcome.

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Conscience

The voice inside us that calls us to love what is good and avoid evil. It guides moral actions and decisions.

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Habits

Repetitive behaviors that stem from consistent moral action or inaction. They can be good (virtues) or bad (vices).

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Vices

Bad habits that weaken moral character. They are the product of consistently bad actions.

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Character

The sum of our character traits, shaped by our habits, virtues, and vices. It reflects who we are morally.

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Conscience as a Capacity

The ability to recognize right from wrong. It's inherent in all humans.

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Conscience as a Process

The process of reasoning through moral issues to determine the right course of action in each situation. It's a lifelong learning process.

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Conscience as a Judgment

The final judgment we make after considering right and wrong. It's the point of commitment to action.

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Study Notes

Ethical Experiences

  • The Scream: A sudden, urgent call for help prompting automatic care for another person. This response prioritizes feeling over intellect.

  • The Beggar: Face-to-face encounters highlight our responsibility to others, prompting self-awareness and ethical judgements about our interactions.

  • Obligation: Ethical actions arise from authority figures' directives. A person cannot remain neutral when an authority figure gives instructions to act.

Ethical Theories

Teleological Ethics (Aristotle)

  • Teleological: Purpose-driven. Ethics centers on achieving the highest form of happiness by cultivating virtues.

  • Virtue: A virtuous character develops from habitually acting virtuously.

  • Doctrine of the Mean: Moderation avoids extremes.

Deontological Ethics (Kant)

  • Deontological: Duty-driven. Moral actions stem from a sense of duty.

  • Good Will: Acting out of duty, not out of personal gain.

  • Maxim: Act according to principles that could universally apply.

  • Categorical Imperative: A moral command applicable to all situations.

Ethics of the Face (Levinas)

  • The Good is Infinite: The central question of philosophy.

  • Encountering God: Experienced through the human face.

  • Relational Focus: Highlighting human responsibility to others.

Chapter 2: Action and Freedom

  • Conceptual Framework of Action (CIA): Agent, Intention, Motivation, Means, and Circumstances

  • Intention: The reason behind an action, which is crucial for moral evaluation. Good intention doesn't justify a bad action.

  • Circumstances: Relevant factors influencing an action; least important for moral evaluation.

  • Action: The act itself; most important for moral evaluation. Intrinsic evil is determined by the act.

  • Freedom Types:

  • Naturalism: Actions are determined by causes; no free will.

  • Religious Determinism: God predetermines everything.

  • Social Determinism: External factors (culture, socioeconomic status) determine an individual's actions.

Chapter 3: The Self and Conscience

  • Six Aspects of the Human Person: Conscience, Habits, Vice/Virtue, Character, The importance of others, Identity.

  • Conscience: Three aspects: recognizing right/wrong, moral reasoning, and moral judgment.

  • Conscience Types: Well-formed, Wrongly-formed, Lax, Legalistic

  • Guilt: Warranted (knowing something is wrong) vs Unwarranted (no real reason), to little, excessive

  • Misinformed Conscience: Rationalization, trivialization, misinformation, the end justifies the means, means to an end

  • Identity: Actions determine identity and character.

Chapter 7 & 8: The Good Life

  • Aristotle's Conception: Happiness from fulfilling human nature; acting virtuously.

  • Plato's Conception: Contemplation of good.

  • Aquinas' Conception: God as ultimate good, virtuous living.

  • Kant's Conception: Happiness through doing good; God as requirement for supreme good.

  • Christianity's View: Serving others leads to a virtuous life.

  • Intelligible Goods: Life, knowledge of truth, leisure, sociability, religion.

  • Aristotle's Appetites: Concupiscible (desires) and irascible (anger).

  • Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Temperance, Fortitude, Justice

  • Theological Virtues:  Faith, Hope, Charity.

Ethics Definitions

  • Ethics: Principles guiding behavior.

  • Morality Agent: Someone capable of understanding right and wrong.

  • Intention: The reason behind an action.

  • Identity: Character formed by actions

  • Narcissism: Self-absorption, neglecting others.

  • Character: Moral quality formed by actions and habits.

  • Action: The act itself, most important factor in moral evaluation.

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Explore various ethical theories and experiences in this quiz. Examine the differences between teleological and deontological ethics while reflecting on real-life scenarios that highlight moral responsibility and decision-making. Test your understanding of key concepts and principles in ethics.

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