Ethical Theories and Experiences
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Questions and Answers

What transforms an individual into a state of responsibility for another person during an emergency?

  • Emotional awareness
  • The presence of authority
  • Rational thought
  • The 'scream' (correct)

    • According to Levinas, how do face-to-face encounters affect our ethical responsibility?

  • They remind us of our responsibility for the other. (correct)
  • They create emotional indifference.
  • They diminish our capacity for ethical judgments.
  • They emphasize individualist perspectives.

    • What does Aristotle's doctrine of the mean advocate for in ethical behavior?

  • Following rigid rules regardless of circumstances.
  • Seeking extreme actions in every situation.
  • Avoiding any form of excess and seeking moderation. (correct)
  • Prioritizing personal happiness over communal well-being.

    • In deontological ethics, what is the nature of a 'duty'?

    <p>Something one is required to do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the highest form of happiness according to teleological ethics?

    <p>Developing character through reasoning and virtue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does authority play in shaping one's ethical experience?

    <p>It generates a conscious obligation to respond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the approach of 'pure reason' in Kant's ethical framework?

    <p>It views morality as derived from divine reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an individual's ethical sense develop according to the obligation framework?

    <p>It arises from external commands or authorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Practical Reason according to Kant?

    <p>Making conscious choices based on principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the most important aspect of action in the C.I.A framework?

    <p>Action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of human freedom posits that free will is only an illusion?

    <p>Naturalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of conscience emphasizes the development of moral reasoning over time?

    <p>Conscience as a process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kant, humans can only achieve the supreme good through which of the following?

    <p>The existence of God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Categorical Imperative require individuals to do?

    <p>Act in a way that could be a universal law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes habits that consistently lead to a positive moral outcome?

    <p>Virtues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misunderstanding of conscience involves dismissing a bad action because 'everyone does it'?

    <p>Trivialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical framework is primarily concerned with duty-driven actions?

    <p>Deontological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an intrinsic evil determined by, according to the content?

    <p>The action itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three senses of conscience?

    <p>Conscience as a decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle suggests we act based on how we would want everyone else to act?

    <p>Categorical Imperative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Levinas's philosophy emphasizes the significance of the human face?

    <p>It reveals the presence of God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about responsibility for actions in Social Determinism?

    <p>Freedom is a product of societal influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a legalistic conscience and a lax conscience?

    <p>A legalistic conscience is concerned with whether an act is right or wrong, while a lax conscience is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Aristotle believe is the source of true happiness?

    <p>Fulfillment of one's human nature through virtuous actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal virtues according to St. Thomas Aquinas?

    <p>Charity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between sensible goods and intelligible goods according to Aristotle?

    <p>Sensible goods are experienced through the senses, while intelligible goods are understood by reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of an intelligible good according to Aristotle?

    <p>Physical Beauty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aristotle, how does one's moral identity develop?

    <p>Through the choices and actions one makes over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key element within the CIA framework that determines the morality of an action?

    <p>Action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a person with a wrongly formed conscience?

    <p>An inability to distinguish between right and wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of someone with excessive guilt?

    <p>A tendency to feel guilty even for minor mistakes or transgressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content provided, what is the relationship between a good life and happiness?

    <p>A good life and happiness are interconnected, with virtuous living leading to both a good life and happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ethical Experiences

    • The Scream: A sudden, urgent call for help prompting automatic care for another person. This response prioritizes feeling over intellect.

    • The Beggar: Face-to-face encounters highlight our responsibility to others, prompting self-awareness and ethical judgements about our interactions.

    • Obligation: Ethical actions arise from authority figures' directives. A person cannot remain neutral when an authority figure gives instructions to act.

    Ethical Theories

    Teleological Ethics (Aristotle)

    • Teleological: Purpose-driven. Ethics centers on achieving the highest form of happiness by cultivating virtues.

    • Virtue: A virtuous character develops from habitually acting virtuously.

    • Doctrine of the Mean: Moderation avoids extremes.

    Deontological Ethics (Kant)

    • Deontological: Duty-driven. Moral actions stem from a sense of duty.

    • Good Will: Acting out of duty, not out of personal gain.

    • Maxim: Act according to principles that could universally apply.

    • Categorical Imperative: A moral command applicable to all situations.

    Ethics of the Face (Levinas)

    • The Good is Infinite: The central question of philosophy.

    • Encountering God: Experienced through the human face.

    • Relational Focus: Highlighting human responsibility to others.

    Chapter 2: Action and Freedom

    • Conceptual Framework of Action (CIA): Agent, Intention, Motivation, Means, and Circumstances

    • Intention: The reason behind an action, which is crucial for moral evaluation. Good intention doesn't justify a bad action.

    • Circumstances: Relevant factors influencing an action; least important for moral evaluation.

    • Action: The act itself; most important for moral evaluation. Intrinsic evil is determined by the act.

    • Freedom Types:

    • Naturalism: Actions are determined by causes; no free will.

    • Religious Determinism: God predetermines everything.

    • Social Determinism: External factors (culture, socioeconomic status) determine an individual's actions.

    Chapter 3: The Self and Conscience

    • Six Aspects of the Human Person: Conscience, Habits, Vice/Virtue, Character, The importance of others, Identity.

    • Conscience: Three aspects: recognizing right/wrong, moral reasoning, and moral judgment.

    • Conscience Types: Well-formed, Wrongly-formed, Lax, Legalistic

    • Guilt: Warranted (knowing something is wrong) vs Unwarranted (no real reason), to little, excessive

    • Misinformed Conscience: Rationalization, trivialization, misinformation, the end justifies the means, means to an end

    • Identity: Actions determine identity and character.

    Chapter 7 & 8: The Good Life

    • Aristotle's Conception: Happiness from fulfilling human nature; acting virtuously.

    • Plato's Conception: Contemplation of good.

    • Aquinas' Conception: God as ultimate good, virtuous living.

    • Kant's Conception: Happiness through doing good; God as requirement for supreme good.

    • Christianity's View: Serving others leads to a virtuous life.

    • Intelligible Goods: Life, knowledge of truth, leisure, sociability, religion.

    • Aristotle's Appetites: Concupiscible (desires) and irascible (anger).

    • Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Temperance, Fortitude, Justice

    • Theological Virtues:  Faith, Hope, Charity.

    Ethics Definitions

    • Ethics: Principles guiding behavior.

    • Morality Agent: Someone capable of understanding right and wrong.

    • Intention: The reason behind an action.

    • Identity: Character formed by actions

    • Narcissism: Self-absorption, neglecting others.

    • Character: Moral quality formed by actions and habits.

    • Action: The act itself, most important factor in moral evaluation.

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    Description

    Explore various ethical theories and experiences in this quiz. Examine the differences between teleological and deontological ethics while reflecting on real-life scenarios that highlight moral responsibility and decision-making. Test your understanding of key concepts and principles in ethics.

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