Ethical Issues in AI and Audio File Size Calculation

Ethical Issues with AI, Machine Learning, and Robotics

• Bias in algorithms: AI systems can perpetuate and amplify existing societal biases if trained on biased data.
• Job displacement: Automation through AI and robotics may lead to job losses in certain sectors.
• Privacy concerns: AI systems often collect and process personal data, raising concerns about data security and misuse.
• Potential misuse for malicious purposes: AI can be used to create sophisticated tools for fraud, cyberattacks, or other harmful activities.

Audio File Size Calculation

• File size (bits) is calculated as bitrate multiplied by duration.
• Bitrate (bps) is calculated as channels multiplied by sample rate multiplied by bit depth.
• Channels: 1 for mono, 2 for stereo.
• Sample rate: samples per second (Hz or kHz).
• Bit depth: bits used to represent samples.
• Duration: length of audio in seconds.

Image File Size Calculation

• File size (KiB) is calculated as (width x height x bit depth) / 8 / 1024.
• Width: pixels along the horizontal axis.
• Height: pixels along the vertical axis.
• Bit depth: bits used to represent pixel color.

Buses

• Address bus: carries memory addresses.
• Data bus: carries data being transferred.
• Control bus: carries control signals to manage data flow.

CPU - Central Processing Unit

• Purpose: interprets, processes, and executes instructions.
• Components: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), control unit, registers.
• Function: follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
  • Fetch: retrieves instructions from memory.
  • Decode: interprets instructions.
  • Execute: carries out instructions using the ALU.
• Performance measured in GHz.
• Factors affecting performance: cache size, core amount.

Network Bandwidth

• Maximum amount of data transmitted over a network in a given time.
• Measured in Mbps (Megabits per second).

Pixel, Resolution, and Color Depth

• Pixel: smallest element in a digital image (colored dot).
• Resolution: number of pixels (width x height).
• Color depth: number of bits per pixel, affecting the number of colors.

Sample Rate and Bit Depth in Audio

• Sample rate: number of samples per second (Hz). Higher rates capture more detail at higher frequencies.
• Bit depth: number of bits to store each sample. Higher bit depths offer greater dynamic range and accuracy.

Ethical Hacking

• Authorized hacking to identify vulnerabilities and improve security.

Packet Switching

• Data transmission method where data is broken into packets.
• Packets transmitted independently and reassembled at the destination.

Control Unit

• Directs the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
• Provides instructions on how to respond to requests.

LAN vs. WAN

• LAN (Local Area Network): small area (home, office).
• WAN (Wide Area Network): larger geographical area (internet).

Von Neumann Architecture

• Diagram should include: CPU, RAM, program instructions, data, input devices, and output devices.

Embedded Systems

• Definition: computer system designed for a specific task and embedded within another device.
• Examples: washing machines, microwaves, digital cameras, cars, traffic lights.
• Benefits: cost-effective, energy-efficient, reliable.

Factors Affecting CPU Performance

• Cache size (fast memory near the CPU).
• Number of cores (parallel processing).

Digital Sound Representation

• Analogue sound waves sampled at regular intervals.
• Amplitude (loudness) of each sample stored as a binary value.

Moore's Law

• Predicts doubling of transistors on integrated circuits approximately every two years, leading to increased computing power.

Flowchart Features

• Visual representation of processes, using standardized symbols.
• Symbols:
  • Start/End (Terminator): Beginning/End of flowchart.
  • Arrows: Indicate flow direction.
  • Input/Output (Parallelogram): User input/output.
  • Process (Rectangle): Specific process step.
  • Decision (Diamond): Decision point (Yes/No or True/False).
  • Function (Rectangle with vertical lines): Subprocess.

Network Transmission Media

• Twisted-pair copper cable.
• Fiber optic cable.

Network Security Measures

• Firewall: Software/hardware barrier controlling network traffic, blocking unauthorized access.

Abstraction and Decomposition

• Used for designing complex systems like a dice game.
• Abstraction: simplifying by focusing on essential functions.
• Decomposition: breaking down the system into smaller parts.

Explore the ethical dilemmas associated with AI, machine learning, and robotics, including bias, job displacement, and privacy issues. Additionally, delve into the technical aspects of calculating audio and image file sizes, focusing on bitrate, channels, and dimensions. Enhance your understanding of these crucial modern topics.