Week 5: Consequentialism

<p>Impulses like revenge or lust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modern evolutionary theory and our survival as social animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The action's consequences for the individual performing it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group-centric ethics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical egoism prescribes how people should behave, while psychological egoism describes how they do behave. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is inherently inconsistent since it encourages inter-group conflict leading to overall suffering. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Generalized Reciprocity consistency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximizing good consequences for all sentient beings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether they are pleasurable, bring future pleasure, or prevent future pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it may be necessary for achieving long-term pleasure or preventing future pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encompasses any form of contentment or happiness, not just physical sensations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it could have negative long-term consequences that outweigh the initial pleasure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predicting and accounting for the long-range repercussions of actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overall consequences of taking the job versus the alternative, considering all affected parties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The harm will occur regardless of whether the individual takes the job. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maximize long-term good consequences for everyone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It considers a variety of goods, such as virtue, knowledge, and freedom, when evaluating consequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Always follow the rules whose following would maximize long-term good consequences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because a rule utilitarian might believe that a general rule allowing people to take jobs that harm others when someone else would do it anyway would have negative long-term consequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It tries to avoid problems like those numbered from 1 to 8, which could be potential flaws or criticisms of simpler utilitarian approaches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The positive consequences of having job security and benefits outweigh the negative consequences of the Mafia's actions, especially since those actions are unavoidable no matter what. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can justify morally questionable actions if they lead to the greatest overall pleasure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging slave owners to derive greater enjoyment from owning slaves and using methods to make slaves content with their situation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism permits harm to individuals if it maximizes the total pleasure or minimizes overall pain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The choice between honest and dishonest means is morally irrelevant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism would approve the action as long as the pleasure gained by the one person outweighs the pain caused to the other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inability to accurately predict all the consequences of an action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlights the utilitarian justification for violating moral norms like 'do not kill' for the greater good. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The long-term consequences of each choice on overall happiness and well-being. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consequences should be evaluated in terms of multiple goods, and rules with the best consequences for society should be followed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a deeper understanding of human psychology and avoids bizarre implications with a pluralistic approach to intrinsic value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's challenging to predict the long-range results of following one rule instead of another. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It might arrive at the correct conclusions for the wrong underlying reasons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It recognizes that humans may justify foolish actions without strict rules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virtue, knowledge, pleasure, life, and freedom all hold intrinsic value. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans might rationalize or talk themselves into actions that yield undesirable outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining the long-range effects versus implementing another rule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>God's will, self-evident truths, or feelings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Applying a 'rule of thumb' about what kinds of action tend to have good or bad results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As loose 'rules of thumb' that can be broken if doing so leads to better consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can have bizarre implications that violate the Golden Rule and can be self-defeating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It accepts a pluralistic view of value, recognizing many things as intrinsically good. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When breaking the rule leads to better consequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for a variety of intrinsic goods such as virtue, knowledge, and freedom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By calculating the consequences of different actions and choosing the one with the best overall outcome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An existence as free as possible from pain and as rich as possible in enjoyments, both in quantity and quality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The preferences of those best equipped to make the comparison through experience and self-awareness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feelings and judgments declaring pleasures derived from higher faculties preferable in kind. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether a particular kind of pleasure is worth purchasing at the cost of a particular kind of pain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Health is the greater good, but sensual pleasures are pursued because they are more immediate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That their feelings and judgments are informed by experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The collective opinion of those familiar with both pleasurable sensations and pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They equip individuals to best make the comparison of quality against quantity in pleasures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their dignity is so integral to their happiness that they cannot desire anything conflicting with it for long. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Job environments and social lives that do not foster the use of higher capacities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A being with low capacities for enjoyment has a greater chance of being fully satisfied and therefore contented, while highly endowed beings may experience imperfect happiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superior beings can adapt to the imperfect nature of the world without envying those who are more easily contented. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength of a person's higher faculties is roughly proportional to their sense of dignity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of opportunities to exercise those feelings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Is strongly preferred, where people's higher faculties are preferred over catering to their lower ones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have likely lost the capacity for higher pleasures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lack access to 'higher pleasures' or have lost the ability to appreciate them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The greater value of intellectual dissatisfaction over base satisfaction, even if the latter seems more appealing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their judgment is limited because they only understand their own limited perspective and experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A weakness in character that affects choices between both bodily and mental experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That of individuals knowledgeable about both options. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lose sight of pursuing higher goals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is difficult to obtain both higher and lower pleasures at the same time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their intellectual tastes disappear because they do not have time or opportunity for them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of mental cultivation and development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoiding poverty, disease, and unfavorable personal relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By nurturing objects of personal affection and developing a fellow-feeling with the interests of mankind. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>General welfare should have a place in everyone's moral thinking, especially when refraining from actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fashions of contemporary society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The motive has nothing to do with the morality of the action, though it does affect the worth of the agent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While duty is important, most of our actions are rightly performed from other motivations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength or weakness of their conscientious feelings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not having cultivated a fellow-feelling with the interests of mankind as a whole. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intelligent agents should be mindful of the broader implications of their actions, including their potential impact if generalized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its origin, whether innate or acquired, does not negate concern for the pleasure and pain of others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultivation that includes openness to knowledge and reasonable development of one's faculties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poverty and disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person saves another from danger out of a genuine sense of duty, regardless of personal gain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only the principles of morality are innate, not the details. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External sanctions and early impressions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using tests to ascertain our duties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wretched education and wretched social arrangements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To help us establish a strong connection that correlates our own happiness with the good of the whole. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External sanctions can shape moral development in almost any direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That a generally practiced action might be generally harmful, even if beneficial in an isolated case. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The principle of utility can be developed through similar means as other moral principles, even if it lacks a foundation in human nature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If any moral principle is intuitively obligatory, it should be concern for the pleasures and pains of others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>...likely the first to be felt from an ethical standpoint. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific factual answers regarding harm averted and caused by acting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$100,000 per year of life saved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The subjective nature of well-being and philosophical debates surrounding its definition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Happiness, desire fulfillment, and flourishing as human animals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Happiness, desire fulfillment, and flourishing as a human. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having deep relationships with others along with autonomy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having deep relationships with others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulus packages are unlikely to be cost-effective based on typical thresholds for medical interventions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential for affected individuals to return to work and contribute to essential services. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is difficult to accurately determine the degree to which individuals are responsible for their conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By focusing solely on maximizing the chance of survival, regardless of the cause of illness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Future deaths are hard to predict and even to confidently assign, which can make it more difficult to take into account. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The benefit that an individual provides to others within the community. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Favoring individuals who have contributed significantly to scientific advancements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maximize the number of lives saved with the available resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ample pre-existing intensive care capacity, or the ability to expand capacity quickly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Past behavior is irrelevant; only the potential for future positive outcomes matters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are directly linked to the severity of COVID-19 prognosis through comorbidities like type II diabetes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assessing both the length of life and the quality of life for patients in need of treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The desire to avoid deaths now is stronger than the desire to avoid deaths in the future. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It violates principles of equality and fairness in healthcare access. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large numbers of future deaths caused by the economic downturn induced by the pandemic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To achieve the most well-being overall, considering both length of life and quality of life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more likely to implement strict utilitarian principles to ration care effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virus may have been more successfully kept out of aged care facilities in the south of Sweden. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mortality figures in Sweden are not simply due to a national lockdown. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To get better estimates of true mortality by identifying asymptomatic cases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prohibitive opportunity costs when urgent action is needed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impartial and equal consideration of the well-being of all sentient creatures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of circulating coronavirus prior to changes in community behaviour. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweden's mortality figure is lower than that of Copenhagen, despite the lack of a national lockdown. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decisions should change to adapt to up-to-date information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism may result in discrimination against legally 'protected' groups under certain conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential loss of lives, making it only one value amongst others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential inaccuracies and bias in the available information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the alternative policy would lead to greater overall fracturing in society and loss of well-being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Justice, as an important ethical idea that may compete with mere aggregate well-being. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes further research to improve estimations of consequences and probabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overall QALYs (Quality-Adjusted Life Years) lost as a result of the policy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable scrutiny, identify potential errors, and facilitate policy adjustments based on updated evidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because utilitarianism directs decisions based on expected utility, which may change with new information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Countries differ in more than just the policy applied, which complicates the attribution of outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The models should be transparent, peer-reviewed, and subject to revision based on evolving evidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because QALY incorporates both the quantity and quality of life, providing a more comprehensive measure of well-being. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They suggest a willingness to alter policies based on the best available evidence to maximize good consequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An ethical theory stating people should act to maximize their own good consequences.

An ethical theory advocating for the greatest good for the greatest number of beings.

The view that individuals should act in their own self-interest morally.

The theory that humans are always motivated by self-interest, even in altruism.

A principle stating to treat others as one wishes to be treated.

The ethical theory that judges actions based on their outcomes or consequences.

The tension between pursuing personal gain and considering the welfare of others.

Creatures, including humans, that thrive in groups and depend on social interactions for survival.

A principle that actions should be in agreement with moral rules across groups.

Actions that backfire and harm all involved parties.

The belief that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and pain is the only intrinsic bad.

Actions that provide enjoyment or happiness but may have negative consequences.

Actions that are unpleasant but can lead to greater future pleasure or pain avoidance.

The extended effects or outcomes of actions that should be predicted and considered.

Creatures capable of experiencing sensations, emotions, and pleasure or pain.

A moral theory emphasizing rules that lead to the greatest good.

Utilitarianism can justify unethical actions if they maximize overall happiness.

Utilitarianism can endorse slavery if benefits to owners outweigh harm to slaves.

Utilitarianism can approve of actions like murder if they result in greater overall pleasure.

Utilitarianism condones sentencing an innocent person if it promotes general good.

Utilitarianism states that end results are morally more important than the means used.

Utilitarian analysis weighs actions by their overall pleasure and pain results.

Choosing a job may involve weighing personal ethics against potential pleasure.

A guideline for actions based on their general outcomes rather than strict rules.

A version of utilitarianism recognizing multiple intrinsic values, such as life and freedom.

Principles that are followed without exceptions; often rejected by utilitarians.

The assessment of actions solely based on their results or consequences.

The process of predicting outcomes for various alternatives before making a decision.

An ethical dilemma highlighting the unpredictability of consequences in extreme situations.

Critics who argue that utilitarianism can lead to morally questionable results.

Choosing a job with the Mafia despite its harmful activities, justified by utilitarian beliefs.

Belief that outcomes of actions determine their morality, used to justify the Mafia job.

The rationale for choosing actions based on their net benefit to the greatest number.

A type of utilitarianism that advocates for following rules that maximize long-term good.

The aim of ethical decisions to ensure benefits are sustained over time.

The idea that actions causing harm to others should be weighed in ethical considerations.

The goal of ethical theories to produce the best overall outcomes for all involved.

Value that is inherent in an object or action, valued for its own sake, not for its consequences.

The outcomes or results of actions that determine their moral value.

Established guidelines that provide structure and prevent chaotic decision-making.

Understanding human behavior that impacts ethical decision-making and rule adherence.

Unexpected or unreasonable outcomes derived from classical utilitarianism's approach.

The process of assessing which rules produce the best overall consequences for society.

The future consequences that stem from following a specific ethical rule or action.

The advanced abilities of humans that relate to reasoning and morals.

Simple or basic pleasures often associated with immediate gratification.

The intrinsic worth and respect each person holds for themselves.

Contentment is satisfaction with what one has, happiness is a broader feeling of joy.

Higher emotions such as love, compassion, and empathy that enrich human experience.

A metaphor describing how delicate noble feelings can be if not nurtured.

The realization that not all joy can be fully achieved, yet it can still be appreciated.

External factors that impact a person's capacity to experience joy.

The distinction between more refined intellectual joys and basic physical satisfactions.

Being dissatisfied is a sign of higher human aspirations compared to contentment with basic pleasures.

The appreciation for higher forms of pleasure that provide deeper satisfaction.

A weakness in character that leads individuals to choose immediate over valuable pleasures.

The phenomenon where those who can experience both pleasures may choose lower ones under influence.

Individuals capable of appreciating both higher and lower pleasures must judge the preferences wisely.

The opinions of those knowledgeable about both pleasures should determine their value.

Experiencing both kinds of pleasures enables an informed choice about their intrinsic qualities.

Pleasures derived from physical senses, often prioritized over health.

Distinction between types of pleasure and their intensities or amounts.

The idea that actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

The reliance on opinions of those with broader experiences of pleasure and pain.

The belief that pleasures from higher faculties are superior to simpler pleasures.

The consensus of those familiar with pleasures to evaluate worth.

A fundamental goal of happiness involves minimizing pain and maximizing enjoyment.

The development of the mind through knowledge and experience.

Acting for the benefit of others without personal gain.

A life that is desirable and fulfilling despite circumstances.

The various elements in life that promote joy and satisfaction.

The negative experiences that cause distress or unhappiness.

Apathy toward experiences and emotions surrounding life.

Empathy and connection with the interests of others.

Disastrous events causing significant distress or suffering.

The idea that the morality of an action is separate from the motive behind it.

Ethicists who argue that consequences define the moral worth of actions.

Utilitarianism emphasizes outcomes over a sense of duty in ethics.

Actions considered wrong if practicing them widely would be detrimental.

Pieces of conduct performed for the benefit of others, regardless of personal motive.

Morality involves considering one's actions' impact on overall well-being.

Betraying a friend is a crime, independent of the betrayer's motive.

The study of how ethical reasoning applies to daily actions and decisions.

An inner sense of obligation towards moral actions, potentially innate or learned.

The idea that feelings of duty might be a fundamental part of human nature.

Basic ethical guidelines that may be inherent, but details are learned.

Influences from outside sources that shape moral behavior and feelings of duty.

The perceived power of moral principles to compel adherence and respect.

The process of developing a sense of duty through experiences and influences.

An innate feeling that motivates attention to the happiness and suffering of others.

The immediate, instinctive perception of right and wrong, often seen as innate.

The analysis to determine if an intervention's benefits justify its costs, often expressed by thresholds like $100,000 per life saved.

Determining individual well-being can be complex, as factors like disabilities do not always equate to lower well-being.

A moral perspective that considers the greatest good for the greatest number in evaluating actions' morality.

Philosophical debates on what constitutes a good life include happiness, desire fulfillment, and human flourishing.

Evaluating both the harms averted and those caused by actions to determine ethical validity in scenarios like lockdowns.

Ethicists debate definitions of well-being, considering elements like relationships and autonomy as central hubs.

The process of evaluating actions based on their moral implications and consequences on society.

The reasoning behind large financial interventions during crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, often questioning long-term efficacy.

The tendency to prioritize saving lives now over future deaths.

Strict measures may lead to increased deaths from causes other than the virus.

Prioritizing patients based on survival chances and care requirements.

Aims for the most overall well-being, not just saving lives.

Anticipating hard-to-track deaths caused by future circumstances.

Economic downturns can worsen health outcomes post-crisis.

Assessing patients based on life quality and length for treatment.

The ability of health systems to handle patient influx without rationing.

The advantage gained by society when an individual takes responsible actions regarding health.

The presence of additional diseases or conditions co-occurring with a primary disease.

Personal habits and behaviors that affect health, like diet and exercise.

A principle suggesting prioritizing resources to achieve the best overall outcome for the greatest number.

The consideration of an individual's contribution to society when allocating medical resources.

The idea that individuals may be held accountable for their health outcomes based on their choices.

The process of deciding who receives medical resources first, often based on urgency or need.

Individuals performing crucial roles during a crisis, such as health care providers.

Quality-Adjusted Life Years, a measure of health outcomes reflecting the quality and quantity of life.

Statistical methods used to estimate the impact of diseases on populations.

Modification of governmental strategies in response to new data or outcomes.

The number of deaths in a specific population, often expressed per 1,000 individuals.

A method used to evaluate differences and similarities between countries or regions.

A government-imposed restriction on movement to control disease spread.

The ongoing process of investigation and research to gather new evidence.

A utilitarian principle that guides decisions based on anticipated outcomes.

Differences in death rates during health crises, like COVID-19.

Number of people living in a specific area, affecting virus spread.

Ethical approach supporting random COVID-19 testing for better data.

The potential loss from not choosing a different action in urgent situations.

Evaluating everyone's well-being equally in ethical decisions.

The impact of government restrictions on health outcomes during pandemics.

Considering potential death rates from lifting restrictions too early.

Engaging diverse opinions to form sound ethical beliefs.

The notion that utilitarianism may prioritize certain groups over others during resource allocation, leading to unfair treatment.

A principle indicating that responses to actions (like discrimination) should be proportional to the harm caused.

Research conducted on low-risk populations, like young people, to test vaccine efficacy safely.

The consideration of overall societal well-being in moral judgments, rather than focusing solely on individual rights.

The tension between treating everyone the same versus considering fairness and needs of different groups.