Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology Quiz

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What does evidence of a greater-than-expected prevalence of a disease in first-degree relatives suggest?

The disease is caused only by environmental factors.

The individual is the only one affected by the disease.

There is a genetic component to the disease. (correct)

There is no genetic component to the disease.

What factor primarily contributes to changes in mortality or morbidity rates in human populations over relatively short periods?

Environmental factors (correct)

Genetic characteristics

Changes in lifestyle habits

Bioethical considerations

In a pedigree showing retinoblastoma occurring in four successive generations, what do the squares represent?

Women

Genetic factors

Men (correct)

Environmental influences

What is the main reason behind the observed change in mortality rates of men with coronary artery disease from 1970 to 2004?

Changes in environmental factors (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it valuable to examine the first-degree relatives of a person identified with a certain disease?

To prove a genetic component to the disease (D) Signup and view all the answers

What mainly affects the occurrence of diseases leading to changes in disease incidence over time?

Environmental factors (D) Signup and view all the answers

Who should have access to the data after an epidemiologic study is completed?

Anyone interested in the study findings (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a procedure used to protect confidentiality of subjects in epidemiologic studies?

Emphasizing privacy after study completion only (B) Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiological research, conflict of interest may lead to:

Perceived biases affecting study outcomes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor considered when determining the ownership of data after completing an epidemiologic study?

The funding source for the study (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a protective measure for maintaining privacy in epidemiologic studies?

Generating tabulations without individual identifiers (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common concern when deciding whether to include identifiers of individual participants with research data?

Preserving subject anonymity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the first proposal, which requires patient consent before investigators are allowed access to medical records, would make many epidemiological studies impossible?

It would limit the ability to identify patients who meet the study criteria (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is information from medical records that identifies individuals essential for most epidemiologic studies?

To characterize the study population and identify eligible patients (A) Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue would arise if records were not available due to patient refusals in epidemiologic studies?

It would introduce selection bias that could not be assessed (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the second proposal address the issue of protecting privacy and confidentiality in epidemiologic studies?

It allows investigators to access medical records without consent (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential issue with the first proposal that requires patient consent before accessing medical records?

It would be too time-consuming to obtain consent from all patients (D) Signup and view all the answers

How can the issue of nonparticipation in epidemiologic studies be addressed when medical records are available?

By characterizing the nonparticipants using data in their medical records (A) Signup and view all the answers