Ethernet Layer 1/Layer 2 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Transport Layer in the OSI model?

  • Routes data packets between devices across different networks.
  • Manages the dialog between two computers.
  • Transmits raw binary data over physical media.
  • Ensures reliable data transfer with error checking and flow control. (correct)

    • Which layer is responsible for node-to-node data transfer and error correction?

  • Application Layer
  • Data Link Layer (correct)
  • Session Layer
  • Physical Layer

    • Which protocol is associated with the Network Layer?

  • FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
  • IP (Internet Protocol) (correct)
  • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

    • What component is primarily associated with the Physical Layer?

    <p>Cables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers is responsible for managing connections between two computers?

    <p>Session Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which layers of the OSI model does Ethernet primarily operate?

    <p>Data Link Layer and Physical Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Physical Layer in Ethernet?

    <p>Defines hardware standards for the physical connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sublayer of the Data Link Layer is responsible for error checking in Ethernet?

    <p>Logical Link Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Start Frame Delimiter (SFD) in an Ethernet frame?

    <p>Indicates the start of the frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bytes make up the destination MAC address in an Ethernet frame?

    <p>6 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer primarily play in Ethernet?

    <p>Manages access to the physical medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the Preamble field in an Ethernet frame?

    <p>7 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of using CRC in error detection?

    <p>It has a high error-detection capability with low computational overhead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of a generator polynomial enhances its ability to detect burst errors?

    <p>Specific structures that cater to common error types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 10BASE-T Ethernet, how is a '1' represented in Manchester encoding?

    <p>Transition from low to high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum length of the cabling used in 10BASE-T Ethernet connections?

    <p>100 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding CRC limitations?

    <p>CRCs cannot detect errors that match the generator polynomial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Manchester encoding on bandwidth usage?

    <p>It doubles the signal frequency compared to the data rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode was more common in early implementations of 10BASE-T Ethernet?

    <p>Half-duplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of integrating the clock signal with the data signal in Manchester encoding?

    <p>It ensures synchronization between the sender and receiver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a longer generator polynomial be advantageous in CRC?

    <p>It can detect more complex error patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a zero remainder indicate after dividing the received frame by the generator polynomial?

    <p>The data is assumed to be error-free.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are data bits represented in the CRC process?

    <p>As coefficients of a polynomial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What format does the transmitted frame T(x) take?

    <p>T(x) = D(x) * x^k + R(x)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of errors can a polynomial with x + 1 as a factor detect?

    <p>All odd numbers of errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of zeroes added to the original data polynomial D(x)?

    <p>To prepare for division by the generator polynomial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the division process during the sender side differ from standard division?

    <p>It uses XOR instead of subtraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generator polynomial can detect a single-bit error?

    <p>G(x) = x + 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the degree of the generator polynomial in CRC?

    <p>It controls the length of added zeros to the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of errors is a CRC particularly effective at detecting?

    <p>Burst errors up to the length of the generator polynomial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ethernet (Layer 1/Layer 2)

    • Ethernet is a common local area network (LAN) technology for wired communication.
    • It's standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) under the 802.3 protocol.
    • Ethernet typically uses twisted-pair cables (like Cat5e, Cat6) or fiber optic cables for data transmission.
    • Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing source and destination MAC addresses.
    • Speeds have increased from 10 Mbps to 100 Gbps (e.g., 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, 10 Gbps).
    • Ethernet supports various network topologies (e.g., star, bus, ring).
    • Early Ethernet used CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) to manage transmissions, but modern Ethernet largely eliminates collisions with switches.
    • Switches direct data packets to specific devices, improving efficiency.
    • Ethernet is compatible with diverse network protocols.
    • Ethernet is used in home, corporate, data center, and industrial networks due to its reliability and scalability.

    OSI Model

    • The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework for understanding network communication.
    • It structures communications into seven layers with specific functions.
    • The Physical Layer (Layer 1) is responsible for transmitting raw binary data over a physical medium (e.g., cables, radio frequencies).
    • The Data Link Layer (Layer 2) handles node-to-node data transfer and error correction.
    • The Network Layer (Layer 3) manages routing data packets between different networks.
    • The Transport Layer (Layer 4) ensures reliable data transfer with error checking and flow control.
    • The Session Layer (Layer 5) manages and controls connections between two computers.
    • The Presentation Layer (Layer 6) handles data encryption, compression, and conversion.
    • The Application Layer (Layer 7) provides end-user services and interfaces with application software.

    Ethernet Frame

    • Ethernet frames have a standardized structure for organizing and transmitting data over Ethernet networks.
    • The frame consists of preamble, start frame delimiter, destination MAC address, source MAC address, EtherType/Length, payload/data, and FCS (Frame Check Sequence).
    • Preamble (7 bytes): Alternating 1s and 0s for synchronization.
    • Start Frame Delimiter (SFD): Marks the start of the frame.
    • MAC addresses (6 bytes each): Unique identifiers for sending and receiving devices.
    • EtherType/Length (2 bytes): Specifies the protocol type or the length of the payload.
    • Payload/Data (46-1500 bytes): Contains the actual data being transmitted.
    • FCS (4 bytes): Error-checking mechanism using Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).

    Error Detection

    • Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is a vital method for error detection in digital communications.
    • CRC involves treating data as a large binary number and dividing it by a fixed binary "divisor" (generator polynomial).
    • The remainder (CRC code) is appended to the original data to form a transmitted frame.
    • On the receiving end, the received data is divided by the same generator polynomial. If the result is zero, the data is deemed error-free.
    • Error detection techniques use polynomial division on transmitted data to ensure reliability.

    Ethernet Encoding

    • Encoding techniques convert binary data into electrical signals that can be transmitted over a physical medium.
    • 10BASE-T uses Manchester encoding with two voltage levels to represent data bits.
    • 100BASE-TX uses 4B/5B encoding and MLT-3 signaling for slightly higher speed.
    • 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet) uses PAM-5 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation with 5 levels) to increase speed while maintaining the medium.
    • 10GBASE-T (10 Gigabit Ethernet) uses PAM-16 and advanced signal processing to achieve higher transmission rates.

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