Estructura celular vegetal

• Plant cells are a type of eukaryotic cell found in many plant tissues

Cell Structure

• Nucleus: Contains genetic material and controls cell activities.
• Nucleolus: The region within the nucleus produces ribosomes.
• Cytoplasm: Gelatinous substance housing cellular organelles.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes involved in synthesizing and transporting proteins and lipids.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Part of the ER with attached ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Part of the ER without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
• Ribosomes: Structures responsible for protein synthesis.
• Golgi apparatus: Processes and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
• Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production through cellular respiration.
• Chloroplasts: Organelles where photosynthesis takes place.
• Vacuole: Fluid-filled sac that stores water, nutrients, and waste products.
• Cell Wall: Rigid outer layer that provides support and protection to the cell.
• Plasma Membrane: Selective barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• Plasmodesmata: Channels that connect adjacent plant cells, permitting communication and transport.

Cell Wall

• A cell wall is a distinct feature of plant cells providing structural support, protection, and shape.
• Primarily composed of cellulose, a complex polysaccharide.
• Consists of three primary layers: the middle lamella, the primary wall, and the secondary wall (in some cells).
• Middle Lamella: Outermost layer, serving as an interface between adjacent plant cells.
• Primary Wall: Thin, flexible layer that allows for cell growth.
• Secondary Wall: Thick, rigid layer that provides additional support and strength (present in some cells).
• Cell walls contain pores called plasmodesmata, which allow communication and transport between cells.

Chloroplasts

• Chloroplasts are organelles responsible for photosynthesis.
• Chlorophyll, a pigment that captures energy from sunlight, is contained in chloroplasts.
• Chloroplasts have a double membrane and an internal system of membranous sacs called thylakoids.
• Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called grana.
• The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids, where the dark reactions of photosynthesis occur.
• Photosynthesis converts light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.

Vacuoles

• Large, fluid-filled organelles that perform various functions in plant cells.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, waste products, and pigments.
• Vacuoles help maintain cell turgor, the pressure that keeps the cell firm.
• Vacuoles can also be involved in the degradation of organelles and macromolecules.
• The vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.

Plasmodesmata

• Channels connecting adjacent plant cells, allowing communication and transport between them.
• Facilitate the passage of water, nutrients, hormones, and other small molecules.
• Plasmodesmata are essential for coordinating cellular activities and maintaining homeostasis in plant tissues.
• They are lined by the plasma membrane and contain a central cylinder called the desmotubule.

Key Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

• Cell Wall: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall; animal cells do not.
• Chloroplasts: Plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis; animal cells do not.
• Vacuoles: Plant cells often have one large central vacuole; animal cells have smaller vacuoles, if any.
• Shape: Plant cells have a more regular shape due to the cell wall, while animal cells can have a more irregular shape.
• Glyoxysomes: Plant cells have glyoxysomes; animal cells do not.
• Animals cells have centrosomes, plant cells do not.

La célula vegetal es un tipo de célula eucariota que compone los tejidos vegetales. Incluye núcleo, nucléolo y citoplasma. El retículo endoplásmico (RE) sintetiza y transporta proteínas y lípidos.