Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of adults is estimated to identify as LGB?
What percentage of adults is estimated to identify as LGB?
What scale did Shively and De Cecco use to rate sexual orientation?
What scale did Shively and De Cecco use to rate sexual orientation?
What does the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid examine?
What does the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid examine?
Which of the following factors does NOT typically align according to the discussion about sexual orientation?
Which of the following factors does NOT typically align according to the discussion about sexual orientation?
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What is suggested about the evolutionary function of homosexual behavior in primates?
What is suggested about the evolutionary function of homosexual behavior in primates?
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According to the biopsychological explanation for behavior, which term refers to behavior that has been repurposed through natural selection?
According to the biopsychological explanation for behavior, which term refers to behavior that has been repurposed through natural selection?
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What role does sexual behavior play in human social bonding, according to the discussion?
What role does sexual behavior play in human social bonding, according to the discussion?
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What aspect of identity is NOT typically included in the definition of sexual orientation?
What aspect of identity is NOT typically included in the definition of sexual orientation?
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What developmental advantage do college environments provide to LGB identifying young adults?
What developmental advantage do college environments provide to LGB identifying young adults?
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Which group tends to identify and come out at later ages compared to others?
Which group tends to identify and come out at later ages compared to others?
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What significant cultural change regarding homosexuality occurred in the late 20th century?
What significant cultural change regarding homosexuality occurred in the late 20th century?
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How many LGBT youth face homelessness each year in the US due to familial rejection?
How many LGBT youth face homelessness each year in the US due to familial rejection?
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What is the primary cause of mental health issues among LGBT youth and young adults?
What is the primary cause of mental health issues among LGBT youth and young adults?
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Which social process is NOT associated with minority stress in LGBT individuals?
Which social process is NOT associated with minority stress in LGBT individuals?
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What was the classification of homosexuality in DSM I?
What was the classification of homosexuality in DSM I?
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Which version of the DSM first redefined disorder as associated with distress or disability?
Which version of the DSM first redefined disorder as associated with distress or disability?
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What did Dr. John Freyer, MD, do at the APA’s 1972 Annual Meeting?
What did Dr. John Freyer, MD, do at the APA’s 1972 Annual Meeting?
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In which year was homosexuality finally removed from the DSM?
In which year was homosexuality finally removed from the DSM?
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What was a significant factor in the opposition to the removal of homosexuality from the DSM?
What was a significant factor in the opposition to the removal of homosexuality from the DSM?
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In DSM II, how was homosexuality classified?
In DSM II, how was homosexuality classified?
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Which model gained prominence in psychiatric diagnosis after 1960?
Which model gained prominence in psychiatric diagnosis after 1960?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three social processes that contribute to minority stress?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three social processes that contribute to minority stress?
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What does the term 'minority stress' refer to?
What does the term 'minority stress' refer to?
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Which of the following factors is suggested to contribute to sexual orientation regarding prenatal characteristics?
Which of the following factors is suggested to contribute to sexual orientation regarding prenatal characteristics?
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What does a lower 2D to 4D digit ratio indicate in the context of sexual orientation?
What does a lower 2D to 4D digit ratio indicate in the context of sexual orientation?
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How does the maternal immune response potentially impact sexual orientation in males?
How does the maternal immune response potentially impact sexual orientation in males?
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What is a potential effect of masculinizing hormones in biological females?
What is a potential effect of masculinizing hormones in biological females?
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Which of the following describes the 'diffusion' status in sexual orientation identity development?
Which of the following describes the 'diffusion' status in sexual orientation identity development?
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What process can be important for identity exploration in sexual orientation development?
What process can be important for identity exploration in sexual orientation development?
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Which identity status includes commitment to a sexual orientation following active exploration?
Which identity status includes commitment to a sexual orientation following active exploration?
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Which group is suggested to potentially experience more sexual orientation identity uncertainty?
Which group is suggested to potentially experience more sexual orientation identity uncertainty?
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What term refers to the societal expectation that all individuals are heterosexual?
What term refers to the societal expectation that all individuals are heterosexual?
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Which statement best describes 'commitment with passive exploration' in sexual orientation identity development?
Which statement best describes 'commitment with passive exploration' in sexual orientation identity development?
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Who are more likely to experience same-sex attractions according to the content?
Who are more likely to experience same-sex attractions according to the content?
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What type of identity development is characterized by individuals not reflecting on their heterosexual identity?
What type of identity development is characterized by individuals not reflecting on their heterosexual identity?
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What is associated with the exploration process in sexual orientation identity development?
What is associated with the exploration process in sexual orientation identity development?
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Which status describes commitment without prior exploration in sexual orientation?
Which status describes commitment without prior exploration in sexual orientation?
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What term is used to describe the fluidity of sexual orientation in individuals during adolescence?
What term is used to describe the fluidity of sexual orientation in individuals during adolescence?
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Study Notes
Estimating LGB Identity
- Estimating the number of people identifying as gay, lesbian, and bisexual is challenging
- Estimates range from 3.5% to 5.6% of adults
- Early studies viewed sexual orientation as a continuum (e.g., Kinsey scale)
- Later scales separated same-sex and opposite-sex attraction (e.g., Shively and Klein scales)
Sexual Orientation Scales
- Various scales assess sexual orientation, including attraction, behavior, and identity.
- Klein's Sexual Orientation Grid examines past and present attraction to both same and opposite sexes
- Sell's measure assesses attraction, behavior, and identity.
- Note: attractions, behaviors, and expressed identities don't always align.
Biopsychology of Sexual Orientation
- Homosexual behavior is common in primates, including chimpanzees
- This behavior might serve functions like tension reduction, reconciliation, and alliance formation (social bonding)
- Homosexuality in humans might be an example of "exaptation" – a behavior repurposed for improved survival and fitness.
Biological Correlates of Sexual Orientation
- Hypothalamus: Sexually dimorphic areas of the hypothalamus differ in LGB individuals.
- Prenatal Androgens: Lower 2D:4D digit ratio is linked to lower prenatal androgen exposure, and women with higher exposure report more same-sex attraction. Men and lesbians are more likely to be left-handed.
- Genetics: Higher concordance rate for same-sex attraction in identical twins versus fraternal twins. Men with same-sex attraction often have more older brothers than heterosexual men (maternal immune response to male fetus).
Development of Sexual Orientation Identity
- Sexual orientation isn't always stable throughout adolescence and early adulthood
- Attraction and romantic feelings are biologically influenced, identity development impacted by culture.
- Heteronormativity assumption describes the lack of recognition of heterosexual identity development.
Identity Exploration and Commitment
- Worthington et al. (2008) developed the MOSIEC (Measure of Sexual Identity Exploration and Commitment).
- Commitment, exploration, identity uncertainty, synthesis are observed in gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, and heterosexuals.
- Five sexual orientation identity status categories (diffusion, unexplored commitment, active exploration, commitment with passive exploration, and commitment with active exploration) have been observed
- Active exploration of sexual identity is more common in women.
- Bisexual individuals may experience more identity uncertainty than others.
Coming Out
- LGB individuals may choose to "come out" to others
- College environments are generally considered safe spaces for sexual identity development and "coming out" for LGB adults
- Later coming out ages for women compared to men.
- There has been a decrease in the average coming out age due to societal acceptance
- Negative experiences (hostile peer groups, parental rejection) increase risk for mental health problems in LGB youth ( "minority stress")
Homosexuality in DSM
- Homosexuality was once considered a mental disorder in DSM I and II, categorized as a "sociopathic personality disturbance" or "sexual deviation".
- DSM III (1980) removed homosexuality from its list of disorders, based on evidence and advocacy.
- The change involved distancing from psychoanalysis and a more objective, empirically-based approach to diagnosis.
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Description
This quiz explores the estimation of LGB identities and the various scales used to assess sexual orientation. It also delves into the biopsychology of sexual orientation, highlighting behaviors observed in primates and their implications. Test your knowledge on the complexities of sexual orientation and identity.
