Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Quiz

Book Title and Edition

• Seeley's ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology
• Tenth Edition

Learning Outcomes (page 2)

• Anatomy:
  • Define anatomy and the levels to study it.
  • Explain the importance of structure/function relationships.
• Human Anatomy and Physiology:
  • It is the study of the human body's structure and function, including intricate parts with coordinated functions.
  • The human body interacts with its surroundings through responses to changes in internal and external stimuli.

Anatomy (page 3)

• Anatomy is the scientific discipline investigating body structure.
• It includes the structure of body parts, microscopic organization and developmental processes.
• It examines the relationship between structure and function (e.g. shape of a hammer relates to function).
• Systemic anatomy studies body systems (e.g., cardiovascular).
• Regional anatomy studies the body by regions (e.g., head, abdomen).

Physiology (page 4)

• Physiology is the scientific discipline of living processes or functions.
• It focuses on structures as dynamic rather than fixed.
• Two major goals of physiology are to understand and predict body responses to stimuli and to understand how the body maintains internal conditions in changing environments.

Structural and Functional Organization (page 5)

• The body has six structural levels: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
• Chemical level: Atoms and molecules—how they interact.
• Cellular level: Molecules combine to form organelles which make up cells.
• Structure determines function; examples are collagen and its properties.
• Tissue level: Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues.

Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism Levels (page 6)

• Tissue level: Group of similar cells and surrounding materials with specific functions. Four primary types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
• Organ level: Composed of two or more tissue types performing a common function (e.g., heart, stomach).
• Organ system level: A group of organs working together with a common function or set of functions, such as the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra)
• Organism level: All organ systems working together (human, bacteria).

Characteristics of Life (page 11)

• Organization: Interconnected parts of an organism (from organelles to organs).
• Metabolism: Using energy for vital functions (e.g., growth, movement, and reproduction). Plants use sunlight; humans use food.
• Responsiveness: Sensing changes in environment and adjusting to maintain life.
• Growth: Increase in size (cells, organism).
• Development: Changes over time; includes differentiation.
• Reproduction: Formation of new cells or organisms

Homeostasis (page 13)

• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.
• It involves variables like temperature, volume, and chemical content, and is critical to cellular function.
• Homeostatic mechanisms, mostly nervous and endocrine-regulated, help the body maintain values consistently around a set point.
• Negative feedback mechanisms reduce deviation from a set point (e.g. sweating to lower temperature).
• Positive feedback mechanisms increase deviation from a set point until a change occurs (e.g. childbirth contractions)

Terminology and Body Planes (page 17-19)

• Anatomical Position: Person standing, facing forward, upper limbs by sides, palms forward, feet slightly apart.
• Directional Terms: Words like superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, proximal/distal, medial/lateral to describe positions relative to other structures.
• Body Parts and Regions: Regions of the body, useful for locating organs and describing locations.
• Body Planes:
  • Sagittal: divides the body vertically into right and left portions.
  • Median: divides body into equal left and right parts.
  • Transverse (or horizontal): divides the body into superior and inferior portions
  • Frontal (or coronal): divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior portions
• Sections of organs: longitudinal, transverse, oblique.

Body Cavities (page 24)

• Body cavities: Enclosed spaces in the trunk that protect internal organs.
• Thoracic cavity: Surrounded by ribs and diaphragm, includes mediastinum (heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus) and pleural cavities (lungs).
• Abdominal cavity: Contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys.
• Pelvic cavity: Contains urinary bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive organs.
• Abdominopelvic cavity: Combined abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Serous Membranes (page 25-26)

• Serous membranes: Line trunk cavities and cover internal organs. Reduce friction.
• Visceral peritoneum: Part of membranes that cover organs.
• Parietal peritoneum: Part of membranes that lines walls of cavities.
• Pericardial cavity: Surrounds the heart.
• Pleural cavities: Surround the lungs.
• Peritoneal cavity: surrounds abdominal organs; space between visceral and parietal layers.

Test your knowledge on the essentials of anatomy and physiology with this quiz based on Seeley's Tenth Edition. Explore the structure and function of the human body, the levels of study in anatomy, and the relationship between form and function across different systems. Challenge yourself to understand the intricate connections within the human body.