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Questions and Answers
Which amino acids are considered indispensable or essential because they cannot be synthesized in the human body in adequate amounts and must be supplied in the diet?
Which amino acids are considered indispensable or essential because they cannot be synthesized in the human body in adequate amounts and must be supplied in the diet?
Val, Ile, Thr, Trp, Arg, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, His
Which amino acids are considered dispensable or non-essential because they are synthesizable in the body and there is no diet dependency for them?
Which amino acids are considered dispensable or non-essential because they are synthesizable in the body and there is no diet dependency for them?
Glu, Gln, Asp, Asn, Gly, Ala, Pro, Tyr, Ser, Cys
What are the consequences of dietary deficiency or imbalance of any of the essential amino acids?
What are the consequences of dietary deficiency or imbalance of any of the essential amino acids?
Nutrition deficiency disorders that affect both growth and health
Which amino acids are semi-essential, meaning that the healthy adult human body synthesizes just enough but such amount is not enough in certain conditions and requires dietary supplementation?
Which amino acids are semi-essential, meaning that the healthy adult human body synthesizes just enough but such amount is not enough in certain conditions and requires dietary supplementation?
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In what conditions is the amount of Arg and His synthesized by the healthy adult human body not enough, requiring dietary supplementation?
In what conditions is the amount of Arg and His synthesized by the healthy adult human body not enough, requiring dietary supplementation?
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In what conditions does tyrosine become an essential amino acid, and what is its dietary dependency?
In what conditions does tyrosine become an essential amino acid, and what is its dietary dependency?
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Under what condition does cysteine become an essential amino acid, and what is its dietary dependency?
Under what condition does cysteine become an essential amino acid, and what is its dietary dependency?
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What are the main dietary sources of essential amino acids, and what is the characteristic of these proteins?
What are the main dietary sources of essential amino acids, and what is the characteristic of these proteins?
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Which amino acids become essential under certain dietary deficiencies and what are their respective dietary dependencies?
Which amino acids become essential under certain dietary deficiencies and what are their respective dietary dependencies?
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What are the main dietary sources of essential amino acids and what is the characteristic of these proteins?
What are the main dietary sources of essential amino acids and what is the characteristic of these proteins?
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Why are the remaining non-essential amino acids considered diet independent, and what is their metabolic significance?
Why are the remaining non-essential amino acids considered diet independent, and what is their metabolic significance?
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Which amino acids are classified as glucogenic and why?
Which amino acids are classified as glucogenic and why?
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What distinguishes the ketogenic amino acids lysine and leucine from others?
What distinguishes the ketogenic amino acids lysine and leucine from others?
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What are mixed amino acids and how are they metabolized?
What are mixed amino acids and how are they metabolized?
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What are some examples of unusual amino acids formed after modification, and how are they created?
What are some examples of unusual amino acids formed after modification, and how are they created?
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What is selenocysteine (Sec) and how is it involved in protein structure and function?
What is selenocysteine (Sec) and how is it involved in protein structure and function?
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Which type of amino acids can be converted to carbohydrates and are known as glucogenic?
Which type of amino acids can be converted to carbohydrates and are known as glucogenic?
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Which two amino acids are purely ketogenic and give intermediates convertible into acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA?
Which two amino acids are purely ketogenic and give intermediates convertible into acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA?
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What are amino acids called that produce glycolytic intermediates as well as acetyl -CoA derivatives?
What are amino acids called that produce glycolytic intermediates as well as acetyl -CoA derivatives?
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What is the 21st amino acid of proteins, which is present at the active site of several enzymes and is associated with antioxidant activity?
What is the 21st amino acid of proteins, which is present at the active site of several enzymes and is associated with antioxidant activity?
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What is formed during translation, and has a special tRNA specific for ‘UGA’ (STOP) codon?
What is formed during translation, and has a special tRNA specific for ‘UGA’ (STOP) codon?
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Study Notes
Essential Amino Acids
- There are essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the human body in adequate amounts and must be supplied in the diet.
- These amino acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet.
Non-Essential Amino Acids
- Non-essential amino acids are synthesizable in the body and there is no dietary dependency for them.
- These amino acids can be synthesized by the human body and do not need to be obtained through diet.
Consequences of Deficiency
- A dietary deficiency or imbalance of any essential amino acid can have severe consequences.
Semi-Essential Amino Acids
- Semi-essential amino acids are synthesized by the healthy adult human body in amounts that are sufficient, but may not be enough in certain conditions, requiring dietary supplementation.
- Arg and His are semi-essential amino acids that require dietary supplementation in certain conditions, such as in the case of infants or individuals with certain medical conditions.
Conditional Essentiality
- Tyrosine becomes an essential amino acid in the absence of phenylalanine, and requires dietary supplementation.
- Cysteine becomes an essential amino acid in the absence of methionine, and requires dietary supplementation.
Dietary Sources of Essential Amino Acids
- The main dietary sources of essential amino acids are animal proteins, such as meat, eggs, and dairy products, and plant-based proteins, such as legumes, nuts, and seeds.
- These proteins are characterized as complete proteins, meaning they contain all the essential amino acids.
Dietary Deficiencies
- Under certain dietary deficiencies, some amino acids become essential and require dietary supplementation.
- For example, tyrosine becomes essential in the absence of phenylalanine, and requires dietary supplementation.
Non-Essential Amino Acids
- Non-essential amino acids are considered diet-independent and do not require dietary supplementation.
- These amino acids can be synthesized by the human body and are metabolically significant.
Classification of Amino Acids
- Amino acids can be classified as glucogenic, ketogenic, or mixed.
- Glucogenic amino acids can be converted to carbohydrates.
- Ketogenic amino acids produce acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA.
- Mixed amino acids produce glycolytic intermediates as well as acetyl-CoA derivatives.
Unusual Amino Acids
- Unusual amino acids are formed through modification, such as hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine.
- These amino acids are created through post-translational modification.
Selenocysteine
- Selenocysteine (Sec) is the 21st amino acid of proteins.
- It is present at the active site of several enzymes and is associated with antioxidant activity.
- Selenocysteine is formed during translation and has a special tRNA specific for the ‘UGA’ (STOP) codon.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classification of amino acids as essential or non-essential based on their synthesizability in the human body.