37 Questions
What type of animals live in or on their food source?
Substrate-feeders
Which animals suck fluids containing nutrients from living hosts?
Leeches
What type of animals eat large chunks of food using jaws or other adaptations?
Bulk-feeders
Which type of digestive system is found in Hydra and Planaria?
Gastrovascular cavity
What are tiny storage compartments in single-celled organisms that break down food with enzymes called?
Food vacuoles
Which animals filter small organisms and food particles from water?
Whales
Which animals have tube-like digestive systems with a mouth for eating and an anus for waste removal?
Humans
What symptom would indicate a deficiency in Zinc?
Abnormal red or purple coloring in leaves and stalks
Which nutrient is specifically mentioned for its role in flower, fruit, and root development?
Phosphorus
What is the primary function of Iron in plants?
Chlorophyll synthesis
Which nutrient deficiency causes dried-up leaf tips and terminal bud death?
Calcium
What is the potential effect of excess Zinc on plants?
Small leaves and stunted stems
Which nutrient deficiency results in poor root growth and chlorosis in new leaves?
Sulfur
Why is nitrogen important for plants?
It is crucial for overall plant development and leaf growth.
What happens if a plant experiences a potassium deficiency?
The plant will exhibit general poor health symptoms like chlorosis.
Why is it important for plants to have the right balance of nutrients?
To prevent harm from too much or too little nutrients.
What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs in terms of obtaining energy?
Autotrophs make their own food using sunlight and chemicals.
What is the primary consequence of excess nitrogen in plants?
Reduced fruit production.
Which nutrient is vital for maintaining cell membrane potential and turgidity in plants?
Potassium
What is the main benefit for the fungus in the partnership with the plant?
The fungus gains access to sugars produced by the plant through photosynthesis
What is the key difference between a total parasite and a hemiparasite plant?
Total parasites rely entirely on their host, while hemiparasites can make some of their own food
What is the main purpose of measuring the calorie content of food?
To quantify the amount of energy provided by different macronutrients in the food
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of proteins in the body?
Providing energy through the breakdown of carbohydrates
What is the primary function of fats in the body according to the passage?
Building cell membranes and producing hormones
Which of the following best describes the relationship between plants and parasitic fungi?
The fungi and plants have a mutually beneficial relationship where both gain resources
What is the primary function of root hairs in plants?
To increase the surface area for nutrient absorption
Which of the following statements about root nodules is correct?
They are structures that help in nitrogen fixation
What is the primary function of mycorrhizae in plants?
To help plants absorb minerals from the soil
What is the symplast route for the absorption of water and minerals in plants?
Through the plasmodesmata
Which of the following plant groups is known for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen?
Legumes
What is the primary benefit of the symbiotic relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi?
Improved nutrient absorption
How do bulk-feeders obtain their food?
By tearing large chunks of food apart with jaws or other adaptations
Which type of digestive system is characterized by a single opening for ingesting food and expelling waste?
Gastrovascular cavity
What is the primary function of food vacuoles?
To break down food using enzymes within tiny storage compartments
Which feeding mechanism involves extracting nutrients from a living host?
Fluid-feeding
In which type of feeding mechanism do animals live within their food source?
Substrate-feeding
Which feeding mechanism is employed by whales and some jellyfish?
Filter-feeding
Study Notes
Plant Nutrition
- Plants require essential nutrients like phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients like iron, zinc, boron, manganese, chlorine, and molybdenum for growth and development.
- Macronutrients:
- Nitrogen: important for leaf growth and overall plant development; deficiency leads to yellowing of leaves and stunted growth.
- Potassium: vital for maintaining cell membrane potential and turgidity; deficiency results in general poor health symptoms.
- Copper: component of enzymes and cytochromes; deficiency lowers protein synthesis and may cause chlorosis and twisted leaves.
- Specialized absorptive structures:
- Root hairs: increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
- Root nodules: contain bacteria that help plants obtain nitrogen.
- Mycorrhizae: symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots for mineral absorption.
Nutritional Adaptation by Plants
- Symbiosis of plants and soil microbe:
- Nitrogen fixation: certain bacteria help plants obtain nitrogen.
- Mycorrhizae: fungi attach to roots, help absorb minerals, and protect plants from pathogens.
Plant Parasites
- Total parasites: rely entirely on their host plants for survival (e.g., dodder).
- Hemiparasites: can photosynthesize but rely on hosts for water and minerals.
Animal Nutrition
- Calorie: unit of energy measurement in food; provides energy for bodily functions.
- Nutritional requirements of animals:
- Carbohydrates: major energy source; found in grains, fruits, and veggies; 4 Calories per gram.
- Proteins: essential for building cell structures, muscles, and bones; 4 Calories per gram.
- Fats: used for building cell membranes, hormones, and insulation.
Types of Animals Based on Feeding Mechanisms
- Substrate-feeders: live in or on their food source (e.g., earthworms, caterpillars).
- Filter-feeders: filter small organisms and food particles from water (e.g., whales, jellyfish).
- Fluid-feeders: suck fluids containing nutrients from living hosts (e.g., mosquitoes, leeches, aphids).
- Bulk-feeders: eat large chunks of food using jaws or adaptations (e.g., lions, bears).
Digestive Compartments in Animals
- Food vacuoles: tiny storage compartments in single-celled organisms that break down food with enzymes (e.g., Paramecium).
- Gastrovascular cavity: simple digestive system with one opening for eating and waste removal (e.g., Hydra, Planaria).
- Complete digestive system: tube-like system with mouth for eating and anus for waste removal (e.g., humans, many animals).
Learn about the importance of phosphorus, sulfur, and calcium for plant growth and development. Understand the symptoms of deficiencies and their impact on plants.
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