Essential Medicines and Drug Metabolism Quiz

Medications considered vital to meet essential healthcare needs of a population.

The process of continually updating the list of essential medicines based on evolving healthcare priorities, disease patterns, and advancements in medicine.

The organization that defines Essential Medicines and creates a Model List to guide countries in selecting their own.

A global list of essential medications, updated periodically, intended to guide nations in selecting essential medicines for their populations.

A list of essential medicines specific to a certain country, taking into account its unique healthcare needs and resources.

The rationale for prioritizing certain medications based on their cost-effectiveness, safety, and proven efficacy in treating common health conditions.

The year the first WHO Model List of Essential Drugs was published.

The year India revised and published its National Essential Medicines List.

Certain medical conditions like congestive heart failure, kidney failure, or liver cirrhosis can affect how drugs distribute and work in the body.

Thiopentone sodium, a drug used for anesthesia, quickly leaves the body due to redistribution, leading to a short-lasting effect.

Oral diazepam and nitrazepam have long elimination half-lives, but their effects last only 6-8 hours because of redistribution.

Repeated or continuous use of drugs can lead to longer-lasting effects as they accumulate in tissues like muscle and fat.

Drugs that are highly soluble in fat quickly move from organs with high blood flow (like the brain) to organs with less blood flow (like fat).

The blood-brain barrier is formed by tight junctions and neural tissue covering brain capillaries, limiting drug entry into the brain.

The blood-CSF barrier, located in the choroid plexus, also limits drug entry into the cerebrospinal fluid.

A single compartment model, though simplified, can accurately represent the behavior of many drugs in the body.

The process of converting drugs into forms that are easier to excrete from the body.

Transforming drugs into water-soluble forms to aid in their excretion.

Phase I reactions involve adding functional groups (OH, NH2, COOH) to the drug molecule, making them more polar.

Phase II reactions involve attaching a water-soluble molecule (like glucuronic acid) to a drug, making it more polar (water-soluble).

The primary site of drug metabolism in the body.

The ability of a drug to bind to proteins in the blood, primarily albumin. This binding affects the drug's distribution, availability, and duration of action.

The portion of a drug that is not bound to plasma proteins. This is the active form of the drug that can reach its target and exert its therapeutic effect.

The process where a drug's concentration in the body decreases over time due to metabolism and excretion.

The volume of fluid in the body that a drug appears to distribute into. It reflects how much of a drug is in the blood and tissues.

The ability of a drug to bind to various sites on albumin, a major plasma protein.

Interactions between drugs that compete for the same binding site on albumin. One drug with higher affinity can displace another, increasing the free fraction of the displaced drug.

A drug that is highly bound to albumin, resulting in a long duration of action. This is because the bound fraction is inactive and not readily eliminated.

The concentration of a drug that is needed to inhibit bacterial growth by 50%.

A process where the body chemically changes drugs, usually by breaking them down into inactive metabolites. This often makes drugs less effective and easier to eliminate.

A drug that remains active and can still exert effects even after being metabolized by the body.

A drug's ability to distribute itself throughout the body, reaching different tissues and organs.

The tendency of a drug to bind to proteins in the blood, which can affect how much of the drug is available to reach its target.

The time it takes for a drug to reach its peak effect and how long it lasts in the body. Longer duration of action means the effect lasts longer.

Increased protein binding of a drug, often due to changes in the body's protein levels, such as in pregnancy. This can increase the duration of action and potentially lead to higher drug levels in the body.

Drugs that have been shown to cause localized harm to specific tissues or organs due to accumulation at high concentrations.

When a drug is altered by the body, its chemical structure changes, which can make it either more or less effective.

A type of membrane transport where a carrier protein helps move a substance across the cell membrane without requiring energy. This movement occurs down the concentration gradient, from high to low concentration.

A type of membrane transport where a carrier protein uses energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient, from low to high concentration. This energy is typically provided by ATP hydrolysis.

A type of active transport where the carrier protein simultaneously moves two substances across the cell membrane in the same direction. The energy for this movement comes from the downhill movement of one substance.

A type of active transport where the carrier protein moves two substances across the cell membrane in opposite directions. The energy for this movement comes from the downhill movement of one substance.

A transporter protein that transports substances out of the cell. It plays a vital role in protecting the body from harmful substances, such as drugs and toxins.

The process by which drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream. Absorption can occur through various routes, such as oral, intravenous, or topical.

The distribution of a drug throughout the body after absorption. This process is influenced by factors such as the drug's properties, blood flow, and tissue permeability.