GIT DISEASE
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Questions and Answers

What is the major complication of untreated esophagitis?

  • Narrowing
  • Bleeding
  • All of the above (correct)
  • Eosinophilic esophagitis

    • What is the etiology of esophagitis caused by corrosive acids or alkalis?

  • Infection
  • Irritation (correct)
  • Graft-versus-host disease
  • Radiation therapy

    • What is the percentage of incidence of esophagitis in the general population in the US?

  • 33%-44% (correct)
  • 50%-60%
  • 11%-20%
  • 5%-11%

    • What is the type of esophagitis caused by an allergic reaction?

    <p>Eosinophilic esophagitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common type of esophagitis caused by the reflux of gastric contents?

    <p>Reflux esophagitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition that can lead to the reflux of gastric contents and esophagitis?

    <p>Hiatal hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of esophagitis that can occur in individuals with a weak immune system?

    <p>Infectious esophagitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rare type of complication that can occur in untreated esophagitis?

    <p>Barrett esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of esophagitis?

    <p>Mouth ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of esophagitis is characterized by epithelial infiltration by eosinophils?

    <p>Eosinophilic esophagitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of persistent reflux in reflux esophagitis?

    <p>Inflammation, erosion, and ulceration of esophageal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a condition that can increase the risk of developing esophagitis?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of clearance of refluxate back to the stomach in reflux esophagitis?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of eosinophilic esophagitis?

    <p>Concentric mucosal ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of reflux esophagitis?

    <p>Hiatal hernia and lower esophageal sphincter relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a less common but severe symptom of esophagitis?

    <p>Blood in vomit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of esophageal cancer worldwide?

    <p>Squamous cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus?

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alcohol on cellular DNA?

    <p>Decrease detoxification function and promote oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of untreated gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

    <p>Barrett's esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Barrett's esophagus?

    <p>It increases the risk of esophageal cancer by 50-100 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>It occurs in the upper part of the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of tobacco on the esophageal epithelium?

    <p>It increases the risk of esophageal cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the progression of pathological changes in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus?

    <p>Metaplasia, dysplasia, then adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of stage 0 esophageal cancer?

    <p>Abnormal cells are found only in the inner layer of the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common symptom of esophageal cancer?

    <p>Dysphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a colonoscopy in diagnosing colon cancer?

    <p>To view the entire colon and rectum for abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of stage 0 in colon cancer staging?

    <p>Abnormal cells are only limited to the inner lining of the colon or rectum wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a biopsy in diagnosing colon cancer?

    <p>To analyze cancer markers and stage the cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of colon cancer?

    <p>Loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a CT scan in diagnosing colon cancer?

    <p>To create a detailed picture of the cancer inside the colon and rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of stage III colon cancer?

    <p>Cancer cells have invaded nearby lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a barium enema in diagnosing colon cancer?

    <p>To evaluate the entire colon with an X-ray of the tumor in the bowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of colon cancer?

    <p>Rectal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Crohn's disease?

    <p>Unknown causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum?

    <p>Cobblestone changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the histological feature of Crohn's disease of the colon?

    <p>Non-caseating granuloma in the lamina propria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of ulcerative colitis based on the location and extent of inflammation?

    <p>Proctitis, proctosigmoiditis, left-sided colitis, and pancolitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of ulcerative colitis?

    <p>Abnormal activation of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common symptom of ulcerative colitis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic test used to visualize the colon in ulcerative colitis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of cancer that can occur in the colon?

    <p>Colorectal cancer or bowel cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of colon cancer?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell growth in the colon or rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if colon cancer is left untreated?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Esophagitis

    • Esophagitis is a condition where the esophagus is inflamed or irritated.
    • Causes of esophagitis include:
      • Irritation from alcohol, hot fluids, spicy food, and heavy smoking.
      • Corrosive acids or alkalis, medication, large pills, and swallowing toxic substances.
      • Infections, such as bacterial, viral, and fungal infections.
      • Radiation therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy.
      • Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and hiatal hernias.
    • Common types of esophagitis include:
      • Reflux esophagitis (GERD), which occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.
      • Eosinophilic esophagitis, which is an allergic reaction that causes inflammation in the esophagus.

    Symptoms of Esophagitis

    • Symptoms of esophagitis include:
      • Difficult or painful swallowing (dysphagia).
      • Heartburn and a burning sensation in the esophagus.
      • Feeling of something stuck in the throat.
      • Mouth sores, bad breath, and blood in vomit (in severe cases).

    Reflux Esophagitis (GERD)

    • Reflux esophagitis occurs when gastric contents are passively regurgitated into the esophagus.
    • It is related to hiatal hernia and lower esophageal sphincter.
    • Common symptoms include:
      • Heartburn, especially after eating.
      • Regurgitation of food.
      • Difficulty swallowing.
    • If left untreated, reflux esophagitis can lead to inflammation, erosion, and ulceration of the esophageal mucosa.

    Eosinophilic Esophagitis

    • Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic immunologically mediated disorder.
    • It is caused by the release of histamine from sensitized mast cells in the esophageal wall.
    • Symptoms include:
      • Dysphagia.
      • Eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal mucosa.
      • Corrugated (wrinkled) esophagus.
      • Concentric mucosal rings.

    Cancer of the Esophagus

    • Esophagus cancer begins in the cells of the inner layer of the esophagus.
    • It can invade the surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
    • Types of esophagus cancer include:
      • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which occurs in the upper part of the esophagus.
      • Adenocarcinoma, which occurs in the lower part of the esophagus.
    • Risk factors include:
      • Smoking and alcohol consumption.
      • Low fiber diet, obesity, and acid reflux.
      • Male gender and age over 65.

    Symptoms of Esophagus Cancer

    • Symptoms of esophagus cancer include:
      • Dysphagia.
      • Pain when swallowing.
      • Pain in the chest or back.
      • Weight loss.
      • Heartburn.

    Pathogenesis of Esophagus Cancer

    • SCC is the most common type of esophageal cancer worldwide.
    • Risk factors include tobacco and alcohol consumption.
    • The pathogenesis of SCC involves:
      • Tobacco and alcohol-induced damage to cellular DNA.
      • Inflammation of the squamous epithelium.
      • Dysplasia and in situ malignant change.

    Pathogenesis of Adenocarcinoma

    • Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus occurs in the distal esophagus.
    • It is linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
    • Untreated GERD can progress to Barrett's esophagus (BE).
    • The pathogenesis of adenocarcinoma involves:
      • Chronic reflux of gastric acid and bile.
      • Damage to the esophageal mucosa.
      • Metaplasia and dysplasia.

    Pathological Changes

    • Pathological changes in esophagus cancer include:
      • Dysplasia.
      • Metaplasia.
      • Adenocarcinoma.

    Stages of Esophagus Cancer

    • Stages of esophagus cancer include:
      • Stage 0: Abnormal cells only in the inner layer of the esophagus.
      • Stage I: Cancer cells have grown through the superficial lining of the colon/rectum wall.
      • Stage II: Cancer cells have grown into or through the wall of the colon/rectum.
      • Stage III: Cancer cells have invaded nearby lymph nodes.
      • Stage IV: Cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.

    Inflammatory Bowel Disease

    • Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are types of inflammatory bowel disease.
    • Causes of inflammatory bowel disease include:
      • Unknown causes.
      • Inheritable factors.
      • Microbial infections.
      • Dietary factors.
      • Oral contraceptive pills and NSAIDS.

    Crohn's Disease

    • Crohn's disease is a chronic, transmural inflammatory process of the bowel.
    • It can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
    • Symptoms include:
      • Low-grade fever.
      • Prolonged diarrhea with abdominal pain.
      • Weight loss.
      • Fatigue.
      • Crampy or steady pain of the right lower quadrant.
    • Lab diagnosis involves:
      • Barium enema for colon and CT colography.
      • Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.
      • Cobblestone changes in terminal ileum.

    Ulcerative Colitis

    • Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation of the large intestine.
    • It is one of the diseases called inflammatory bowel disease.
    • Ulcers form after inflammation has killed cells lining the rectum and colon.
    • Symptoms include:
      • Rectal bleeding.
      • Loss of body fluids and nutrients.
      • Fatigue.
      • Weight loss.
      • Skin lesions.
    • Lab diagnosis involves:
      • Stool specimen analysis to exclude infections and parasites.
      • Blood tests to show anemia, elevated WBC.
      • Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy to visualize the colon.
      • Barium enema x-ray.

    Colon Cancer

    • Colon cancer is a common type of cancer that affects the colon and rectum.
    • It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth in the colon or rectum.
    • Symptoms include:
      • Rectal bleeding.
      • Loss of appetite.
      • Unintended weight loss.
      • Nausea and vomiting.
      • Abdominal pain.
    • Lab diagnosis involves:
      • Colonoscopy to view the entire colon and rectum for abnormalities.
      • Biopsy to analyze cancer markers.
      • CT scan to create a detailed picture of the cancer inside the colon and rectum.
      • Blood tests to show complete blood count and organ-function tests.

    Stages of Colon Cancer

    • Stages of colon cancer include:
      • Stage 0: Abnormal cells only in the inner lining of the colon/rectum wall.
      • Stage I: Cancer cells have grown through the superficial lining of the colon/rectum wall.
      • Stage II: Cancer cells have grown into or through the wall of the colon/rectum.
      • Stage III: Cancer cells have invaded nearby lymph nodes.
      • Stage IV: Cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.

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    This quiz covers various conditions affecting the esophagus and stomach, including complications and symptoms. Test your knowledge on the different types of esophagus and stomach disorders.

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