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Questions and Answers
Which layer of the Muscularis Externa in the stomach allows for more effective mixing?
What is the function of Cardia Rugae in the stomach?
What is the main function of the Pyloric Sphincter?
Which layer of the stomach plays a key role in regulating chyme into the duodenum?
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Which part of the stomach is involved in food storage and hormone secretion?
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What is the main function of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter?
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What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?
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Which type of epithelium may change in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?
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What is the function of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the esophagus?
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What leads to narrowing of the lumen in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?
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What is the role of the muscularis externa in peristalsis?
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Where is the lower esophageal sphincter located?
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What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which plexus is located between the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa?
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What is the function of the circular muscle in peristalsis?
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Which type of epithelium lines the esophagus?
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What is the function of the longitudinal muscle in peristalsis?
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Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains dense irregular connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels?
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What is the main function of the bile produced in the liver?
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Which structure stores and concentrates bile between meals?
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In which part of the gastrointestinal tract does the common hepatic duct, hepatic artery proper, and hepatic portal vein meet?
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What is the role of the portal triads in the liver lobules?
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Which structure divides the liver into functional units called lobules?
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What is the primary function of the hepatic sinusoids in the liver lobules?
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Which blood vessels carry nutrient-rich and oxygen-poor blood from the digestive system to the liver?
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What is the primary source of blood supply to the hindgut, including the descending colon to upper rectum?
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Which part of the intestine is involved in segmentation with haustral churning?
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What are mass movements in the large intestine characterized by?
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Where does rectal distension register a conscious sensation in the body?
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Which structure drains blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
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Where do hepatocytes secrete bile into?
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What separates hepatocytes from endothelial cells where liver functions take place?
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Which structure collects bile from all bile ducts of liver lobes?
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What role does bile play in digestion?
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Where is bile stored and concentrated before release into the duodenum?
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Which blood vessels drain blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper into the central vein for processing by hepatocytes?
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Study Notes
Stomach Structure and Function
- The inner circular layer of the Muscularis Externa in the stomach allows for more effective mixing.
- Cardia Rugae are folds in the stomach that allow for expansion and increase the surface area for digestion.
- The Pyloric Sphincter regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.
- The Pyloric Sphincter is the layer of the stomach that plays a key role in regulating chyme into the duodenum.
- The fundus is the part of the stomach involved in food storage and hormone secretion.
- The main function of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter is to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.
Esophageal Structure and Function
- The Lower Esophageal Sphincter is located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach.
- The Lower Esophageal Sphincter prevents stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.
- Stratified squamous epithelium lines the esophagus and may change in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.
- The circular layer of smooth muscle in the esophagus helps to propel food downwards through peristalsis.
- In Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, the lumen narrows due to the formation of fibrotic scar tissue.
- The muscularis externa plays a key role in peristalsis by alternating contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle.
Gastrointestinal Tract Layers
- The two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the gastrointestinal tract are the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer.
- The myenteric plexus is located between the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa.
- The circular muscle helps to constrict and propel food forward through peristalsis.
- The longitudinal muscle helps to shorten and lengthen the gastrointestinal tract through peristalsis.
- The submucosa layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains dense irregular connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels.
Liver and Biliary System
- The main function of bile produced in the liver is to emulsify fats and facilitate their absorption.
- The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile between meals.
- The porta hepatis is the region where the common hepatic duct, hepatic artery proper, and hepatic portal vein meet.
- The portal triads in the liver lobules contain a portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct.
- Connective tissue called the liver lobule divides the liver into functional units.
- The primary function of the hepatic sinusoids in the liver lobules is to filter blood and facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and hepatocytes.
- The hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper carry nutrient-rich and oxygen-poor blood from the digestive system to the liver.
- The primary source of blood supply to the hindgut, including the descending colon to upper rectum, is the inferior mesenteric artery.
Large Intestine
- The large intestine is involved in segmentation with haustral churning.
- Mass movements in the large intestine are characterized by powerful, rhythmic contractions that propel feces towards the anus.
- Rectal distension registers a conscious sensation in the body at the recto-anal junction.
- The hepatic veins drain blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava (IVC).
- Hepatocytes secrete bile into the bile canaliculi.
- The space of Disse separates hepatocytes from endothelial cells where liver functions take place.
- The common hepatic duct collects bile from all bile ducts of liver lobes.
- Bile plays a crucial role in digestion by emulsifying fats and facilitating their absorption.
- Bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before release into the duodenum.
- The hepatic venules drain blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper into the central vein for processing by hepatocytes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the histology and function of the esophagus. Questions cover topics such as layers of the esophagus, peristalsis, and sphincters. References include Tortora & Nielsen's 'Principles of Human Anatomy' and Mescher's 'Junqueira’s Basic Histology'.
