9. CSR

According to the World Bank in 2017, natural disasters cost 520$ billion a year.

The EU directive has led to more thorough scrutiny and wider stakeholder expectations on corporate responsibility in the last ten years.

Since 1970, wildlife populations have fallen by 60%.

$21-$32 trillion of global private financial wealth have been invested virtually tax-free through more than 80 offshore secrecy jurisdictions (Henry, 2012).

Guidance Sustainability reporting by Hemtex is based on the GRI index.

The TCFD framework emphasizes the importance of understanding the potential financial impacts of climate change.

The demand for sustainability reporting is decreasing according to the EY 2017 study.

Assurance of sustainability reports is mandatory for all organizations.

The study 'Is your nonfinancial performance revealing the true value of your business to investors' was conducted by EY in 2017.

The independent assurance service involves a three-party relationship between management, users, and the professional accountant.

The study conducted by Merrill Lynch in 2017 suggests that companies may manipulate their sustainability reporting to conceal negative societal or environmental impacts.

The variable $BCRIMEit$ has a statistically significant negative effect on environmental performance.

The variable $CEOOWNit$ has a statistically significant negative effect on environmental performance.

The F-statistic of model 1 is 12.05, while the adjusted R-squared is 0.425.

The year fixed effects are included in all models.

The study 'What Determines Environmental Performance' was conducted by Hassel, Kallunki and Nilsson in 2015.

The World Commission on Environment and Development provided a definition of sustainable development.

A4S, Accounting for Sustainability, provided a definition of sustainable business.

BHP Billiton's sustainable development strategy only includes a business dimension.

There are three approaches to CSR value creation: cost-concerned, value creation, and sustainability schools.

Orlitzky et al., Margolis et al., Malik, and Wang et al. have provided evidence supporting CSR's positive impact on financial performance.

According to Wang et al., the impact of CSR on financial performance is stronger in developing economies.

Flammer and Ioannou found that companies that sustained R&D and CSR post-2008 financial crisis performed worse.

Sustainable Responsible Investing (SRI) does not consider CSR (ESG) factors in the investment process.

One of the motives behind SRI is risk management.

There are only two views on CSR as an investment case: reputational benefits and operating efficiency.

There are three academic hypotheses on ESG factors in the market: Neglect Hypothesis, Errors-in-Expectations Hypothesis, and Irrelevance Hypothesis.

Investors who go against social norms may face challenges in selling stocks due to less liquidity, heightened litigation, and regulatory risks.

Neglected stocks may have higher returns as compensation for additional risks, as shown in various studies across regions and periods.

Information on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors is not relevant for stock pricing and valuation.

Short-term performance focus and fixation on quarterly earnings lead to the oversight of long-term benefits of ESG projects.

Strong-ESG portfolios may yield relatively higher returns, even after correcting for portfolio risk.

ESG analysis does not face challenges related to insufficient comparability of ESG metrics, time lags in disclosure, and risks of greenwashing.

Theories explaining the level of voluntary sustainability reporting include only stakeholder theory and agency theory.

Motivations for non-financial reporting do not include reducing information asymmetry, signaling credibility, and avoiding costly repercussions.

Corporate Responsibility reporting has not become mainstream due to EU directives, sustainable finance legislation, and reporting frameworks and initiatives.

The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has not developed a comprehensive Sustainability Reporting Framework for measuring and reporting economic, environmental, social, and governance performance.

GRI standards emphasize stakeholder focus, reporting principles such as stakeholder inclusiveness, sustainability context, materiality, and quality.

Materiality analysis is not a crucial aspect of non-financial reporting.

According to IPCC, we have 12 years to limit climate change catastrophe.

The cost of natural disasters is estimated to be $520 billion a year based on World Bank's data from 2017.

Air pollution is projected to cause 6-9 million premature deaths by 2060, according to OECD's report from 2016.

Since 1970, wildlife populations have declined by 60%, as reported by WWF in 2018.

Assurance of sustainability reports is mandatory for all organizations.

The TCFD framework emphasizes the importance of understanding the potential financial impacts of climate change.

The demand for sustainability reporting is decreasing according to the EY 2017 study.

The variable $CEOOWNit$ has a statistically significant negative effect on environmental performance.

The variable $BCRIMEit$ has a statistically significant negative effect on environmental performance.

The independent assurance service involves a three-party relationship between management, users, and the professional accountant.

The study conducted by Merrill Lynch in 2017 suggests that companies may manipulate their sustainability reporting to conceal negative societal or environmental impacts.

The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has not developed a comprehensive Sustainability Reporting Framework for measuring and reporting economic, environmental, social, and governance performance.

The study 'What Determines Environmental Performance' was conducted by Hassel, Kallunki and Nilsson in 2015.

The F-statistic of model 1 is 12.05, while the adjusted R-squared is 0.425.

The EU directive has led to more thorough scrutiny and wider stakeholder expectations on corporate responsibility in the last ten years.

The World Commission on Environment and Development provided a definition of sustainable development.

Neglected stocks may have higher returns as compensation for additional risks, as shown in various studies across regions and periods.

Short-term performance focus and fixation on quarterly earnings lead to the oversight of long-term benefits of ESG projects.

Strong-ESG portfolios may yield relatively higher returns, even after correcting for portfolio risk.

The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has developed a comprehensive Sustainability Reporting Framework, widely used for measuring and reporting economic, environmental, social, and governance performance.

Materiality analysis is a crucial aspect of non-financial reporting, as demonstrated by the example of Ericsson's sustainability reporting.

Investors who go against social norms face challenges in sharing risk and selling stocks due to less liquidity, heightened litigation, and regulatory risks.

Motivations for non-financial reporting include reducing information asymmetry, signaling credibility, and avoiding costly repercussions.

Corporate Responsibility reporting has become mainstream, driven by EU directives, sustainable finance legislation, and reporting frameworks and initiatives.

GRI standards emphasize stakeholder focus, reporting principles such as stakeholder inclusiveness, sustainability context, materiality, and quality.

Investors who go against social norms may face challenges in selling stocks due to less liquidity, heightened litigation, and regulatory risks.

The demand for sustainability reporting is decreasing according to the EY 2017 study.

The independent assurance service involves a three-party relationship between management, users, and the professional accountant.

Sustainable Responsible Investing (SRI) does not consider CSR (ESG) factors in the investment process.

Various views on CSR as an investment case include reputational benefits, operating efficiency, and cost of capital.

The variable $BCRIMEit$ has a statistically significant negative effect on environmental performance.

The World Commission on Environment and Development provided a definition of sustainable development.

Companies that sustained R&D and CSR post-2008 financial crisis performed better, according to Flammer and Ioannou.

The impact of CSR on financial performance is stronger in advanced economies, according to Wang et al.

The study 'Is your nonfinancial performance revealing the true value of your business to investors' was conducted by EY in 2017.

Sustainable Responsible Investing (SRI) considers CSR (ESG) factors in the investment process.

There are three academic hypotheses on ESG factors in the market: Neglect Hypothesis, Errors-in-Expectations Hypothesis, and Irrelevance Hypothesis.

Various definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are provided by EU, Carroll, Hopkins, and Friedman.

Short-term performance focus and fixation on quarterly earnings lead to the oversight of long-term benefits of ESG projects.

A4S, Accounting for Sustainability, provided a definition of sustainable business.

Natural disasters cost 520$ billion a year based on World Bank's data from 2017.

Air pollution is projected to cause 6-9 million premature deaths by 2060, according to OECD's report from 2016.

Since 1970, wildlife populations have declined by 60%, as reported by WWF in 2018.

$21-$32 trillion of global private financial wealth have been invested virtually tax-free through more than 80 'offshore' secrecy jurisdictions, as stated by Henry in 2012.

Is sustainability reporting by Hemtex based on the GRI index?

The TCFD framework emphasizes the importance of understanding the potential financial impacts of climate change.

Assurance of sustainability reports is mandatory for all organizations.

The variable $BCRIMEit$ has a statistically significant negative effect on environmental performance.

The study 'What Determines Environmental Performance' was conducted by Hassel, Kallunki and Nilsson in 2015.

The demand for sustainability reporting is decreasing according to the EY 2017 study.

Corporate Responsibility reporting has become mainstream, driven by EU directives, sustainable finance legislation, and reporting frameworks and initiatives.

One of the motives behind SRI is risk management.

The independent assurance service involves a three-party relationship between management, users, and the professional accountant.

GRI standards emphasize stakeholder focus, reporting principles such as stakeholder inclusiveness, sustainability context, materiality, and quality.

A4S, Accounting for Sustainability, provided a definition of sustainable business.

The World Commission on Environment and Development provided a definition of sustainable development.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a widely accepted concept with a universally agreed-upon definition.

Sustainable Responsible Investing (SRI) always considers CSR (ESG) factors in the investment process.

There are only two approaches to CSR value creation: cost-concerned and value creation schools.

The impact of CSR on financial performance is stronger in developing economies, according to Wang et al.

Motives behind SRI do not include risk management as a factor.

The Neglect Hypothesis, Errors-in-Expectations Hypothesis, and Irrelevance Hypothesis are the only academic hypotheses on ESG factors in the market.

BHP Billiton's sustainable development strategy includes only a business dimension.

The demand for sustainability reporting is decreasing, according to the EY 2017 study.

The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has developed a comprehensive Sustainability Reporting Framework for measuring and reporting economic, environmental, social, and governance performance.

Short-term performance focus and fixation on quarterly earnings never lead to the oversight of long-term benefits of ESG projects.

The TCFD framework does not emphasize the importance of understanding the potential financial impacts of climate change.

Assurance of sustainability reports is mandatory for all organizations.

Strong-ESG portfolios may yield relatively higher returns, even after correcting for portfolio risk.

The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has developed a comprehensive Sustainability Reporting Framework, widely used for measuring and reporting economic, environmental, social, and governance performance.

Neglected stocks may have higher returns as compensation for additional risks, as shown in various studies across regions and periods.

Motivations for non-financial reporting include reducing information asymmetry, signaling credibility, and avoiding costly repercussions.

Short-term performance focus and fixation on quarterly earnings lead to the oversight of long-term benefits of ESG projects.

Theories explaining the level of voluntary sustainability reporting include stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, positive accounting theory, agency theory, and voluntary disclosure theory.

Information on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors is relevant for stock pricing and valuation, but there are challenges in using this information effectively.

Investors who go against social norms face challenges in sharing risk and selling stocks due to less liquidity, heightened litigation, and regulatory risks.

Challenges in ESG analysis include insufficient comparability of ESG metrics, time lags in disclosure, and risks of greenwashing.

Corporate Responsibility reporting has become mainstream, driven by EU directives, sustainable finance legislation, and reporting frameworks and initiatives.

The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has developed a comprehensive Sustainability Reporting Framework, widely used for measuring and reporting economic, environmental, social, and governance performance.

Materiality analysis is a crucial aspect of non-financial reporting, as demonstrated by the example of Ericsson's sustainability reporting.