Questions and Answers
In which year did Congress make the harboring of a freedom-seeking enslaved person a federal crime?
What percentage of white families in New York City owned enslaved laborers?
Between 1783 and 1800, how many enslavers in New York City voluntarily manumitted their enslaved laborers?
According to the 1830 census, how many people were still enslaved in the North?
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Until which year did elderly enslaved people remain in bondage in Connecticut?
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In which state did slavery endure until after the Civil War?
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Study Notes
Routes to Freedom
- Quicker routes to freedom for enslaved people included escape or direct emancipation by enslavers
- However, escape was dangerous, and voluntary manumission was rare
Legal Barriers
- Congress made harboring a freedom-seeking enslaved person a federal crime in 1793
Manumission in the North
- Few northern enslavers emancipated their own enslaved laborers
- In New York City, roughly one-fifth of white families owned enslaved laborers, but fewer than eighty enslavers voluntarily freed their enslaved laborers between 1783 and 1800
Slavery in the North
- By 1830, census data suggests that at least 3,500 people were still enslaved in the North
- Elderly enslaved people in Connecticut remained in bondage as late as 1848
- Slavery endured in New Jersey until after the Civil War
Census Data
- The 1830 US Census enumerates 3,568 enslaved people in the northern states, including:
- Connecticut
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New York
- Ohio
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- Vermont
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Description
This quiz explores the limited options for enslaved laborers to gain freedom, including escape and manumission, and the laws that hindered their pursuit of liberty.
