Escalation and Management of the Dispute
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Questions and Answers

What was the UAE's primary reaction to the escalation of the dispute after Iran's occupation of Abu Musa in 1992?

  • To increase military presence in the area
  • To escalate negotiations and take unilateral actions
  • To abandon claims to the islands entirely
  • To seek broader diplomatic engagement and consensus on the issue (correct)

    • Which of the following methods did the UAE NOT use to manage the dispute?

  • Bilateral talks
  • Calls for arbitration
  • Third-party mediation
  • Militarization of the islands (correct)

    • What significant action did Iran take regarding Abu Musa in August after the 1992 occupation?

  • Return the control of the island to UAE authorities
  • Jointly administered the island with Sharjah
  • Seized a military base located on the island
  • Refused access to UAE residents and threatened their return (correct)

    • How did the UAE respond to Iran's serious violation of the Memorandum of Understanding in 1992?

    <p>They continued to negotiate without escalating the situation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the Federal National Council in the context of the dispute?

    <p>To influence UAE's diplomatic strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sheikh Zayed offer in the early 1990s concerning the islands?

    <p>Development into military arsenals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy did the UAE employ in response to Iran's occupation of the islands?

    <p>Mobilized regional organizations for support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action indicated Iran’s violation of previously agreed terms under the 1971 MoU?

    <p>Seizing a desalination plant and school (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary concerns raised by Sheikh Hamdan regarding the islands?

    <p>They might be used for military arsenals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body did the UAE call upon to resolve the dispute over the islands?

    <p>The International Court of Justice (ICJ) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did the UAE take in response to Iran's new air route to Abu Musa island?

    <p>The UAE protested the air route violation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sheikh Zayed’s speech on 2 December 1993 emphasize?

    <p>The importance of direct dialogue and peaceful resolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the UN Secretary-General express hope for in addressing the dispute?

    <p>To facilitate a diplomatic resolution through mediation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the methods the UAE proposed for settling the dispute other than direct negotiations?

    <p>Seeking international arbitration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a consistent element of the UAE's diplomatic campaign from September 1994 to September 1995?

    <p>Raising concerns in various international fora. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevented any viable results from UN mediation efforts in the dispute?

    <p>A need for action requested by both parties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the UAE Foreign Minister declare regarding Iran's actions?

    <p>They violated the principles of coexistence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the agenda items during the first round of talks in Abu Dhabi set by the UAE?

    <p>An end to the military occupation of the islands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Iran's stance during the talks regarding the agenda proposed by the UAE?

    <p>Iran only discussed the MoU regarding Abu Musa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action did the UAE take in response to Iran's actions in September?

    <p>They addressed the matter at the UN General Assembly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the talks ultimately end between the UAE and Iran?

    <p>With a breakdown without reaching an agreement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action did the UAE demand from Iran during the discussions regarding Abu Musa?

    <p>Recognition of UAE's full jurisdiction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the UAE assert about Iran's actions regarding Abu Musa?

    <p>They were a clear infringement of the MoU. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated about Iran's intent during the negotiations?

    <p>Iran might have been tactically seeking to mend ties with Saudi Arabia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary demands of the UAE during the September talks regarding the islands?

    <p>Iran should remove missile facilities from the islands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stance did Iran take regarding the issue of the islands as described in their Supreme Council for National Security statement?

    <p>It considered the issue a minor border dispute. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What actions did Iran threaten in response to the UAE's ambitions to regain the islands?

    <p>Iran warned that the UAE would have to cross a 'sea of blood'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the attempts made by Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed to resume talks with Iran on 23 May 1993?

    <p>Obstacles were acknowledged but no further talks were scheduled. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the GCC summit in December 1992, how did the member states respond to Iranian occupation?

    <p>They unanimously expressed their rejection of Iranian occupation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key position outlined by the Federal National Council in February 1993 concerning the islands?

    <p>An appeal to international parliaments to support the UAE's claim. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed do on 6 June 1993 following the May talks?

    <p>He received an invitation to visit Tehran. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was indicated by Iran's deployment of additional troops to the islands in December 1992?

    <p>A strong military stance and willingness to defend the islands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    UAE-Iran Dispute

    A disagreement between the UAE and Iran over the ownership and control of three islands (Abu Musa, Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb).

    Escalation of the dispute (1992)

    Iran's occupation of Abu Musa in 1992, significantly escalating the territorial dispute.

    Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)

    An agreement between the UAE and Iran regarding control over Abu Musa.

    UAE diplomatic responses

    UAE's use of bilateral talks, arbitration, third-party mediation, and regional organization mobilization to manage the dispute.

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    Iranian Actions 2023

    Actions taken by Iran regarding the islands that violated the MoU, leading to diplomatic tension.

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    Violation of MoU (1971)

    Iran's refusal to grant access to Abu Musa and seizing UAE-owned facilities, infringing on the 1971 Memorandum of Understanding.

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    UAE Demands

    Specific requests made by the UAE regarding the islands, including an end to occupation, commitment to MoU, and non-interference.

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    Talks Breakdown

    The failure of the first round of negotiations between UAE and Iran, due to Iran's refusal to discuss the broader issues of control over the islands.

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    Iranian intransigence

    Iran's unbending stance in negotiations, hindering progress towards resolving the dispute.

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    First round of talks

    Preliminary discussions between the UAE and Iran in the dispute's history.

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    Iran's Negotiation Strategy

    Iran's tactic to mend relations with Saudi Arabia, by simulating willingness to negotiate, rather than seriously address issues.

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    Abu Musa

    One of the islands at the center of the dispute

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    Talks broke down

    The failure of negotations between the UAE and Iran to find a peaceful solution to the dispute.

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    Sheikh Zayed's offer (1993-1994)

    A specific peace offer proposed by Sheikh Zayed of the UAE in an attempt to reconcile the conflict involved in the dispute.

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    International Court of Justice (ICJ)

    A judicial body that can handle international disputes, but wasn't considered by Iran

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    UAE diplomatic campaign

    The UAE's focused efforts to build international support for its claims on the disputed islands.

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    UAE's Island Demand

    The UAE, in September talks, demanded Iran remove all measures imposed on the islands, including missile facilities and absorption into Bandar Abbas province.

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    Iranian Position on Islands

    Iran considered the island dispute a border issue, not of high priority, and maintained its stand.

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    GCC Summit Rejection

    The GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) unanimously rejected the Iranian occupation of islands in December 1992.

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    Iranian Troop Deployment

    Iran reinforced its military presence on the islands with Revolutionary Guards troops, declaring readiness for defense against potential attack.

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    Federal National Council Statement

    In February 1993, the UAE's Federal National Council condemned the occupation and urged Iran to respect regional sovereignty and principles of good neighbourliness.

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    Second Attempt at Talks

    In May 1993, Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed attempted direct talks with Iranian Foreign Minister Velayati, aiming to resolve outstanding issues.

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    Cancelled Tehran Visit

    A scheduled visit to Tehran by Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed to continue negotiations was cancelled in September 1993.

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    Bilateral Relation Attempts

    Sheikh Hamdan and Iranian Foreign Minister Velayati expressed willingness to continue dialogue to de-escalate issues and reach resolution.

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    UAE's Peaceful Approach

    The UAE consistently pursued a peaceful resolution to the islands dispute with Iran, preferring dialogue and international arbitration over military action.

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    Sheikh Zayed's Offer

    In 1993-1994, Sheikh Zayed, President of the UAE, proposed direct dialogue with Iran and international arbitration to resolve the islands dispute.

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    UAE's Concerns about Military Arsenals

    The UAE expressed concern that Iran might militarize the islands, potentially escalating the dispute and threatening regional security.

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    UN Mediation and Good Offices

    The UN offered to mediate the dispute between the UAE and Iran, using diplomacy, mediation, and arbitration, but only if both parties requested it.

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    Iran's Refusal to Discuss Islands

    Iran's reluctance to discuss the ownership of the three islands during early negotiations with the UAE stalled progress towards a solution.

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    UAE's Continued Calls for Settlement

    The UAE consistently called for a peaceful settlement of the dispute, either through direct negotiations or by referring the matter to the International Court of Justice.

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    Study Notes

    Escalation and Management of the Dispute

    • The escalation of the dispute involved a series of events, including attempts at new methods of conflict resolution, serious violations of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), and the illegality of Iranian actions.
    • Initial attempts at talks broke down due to Iranian intransigence and a refusal to negotiate the broader issues.
    • The UAE deployed diplomatic efforts including calls for arbitration, third-party mediation, and mobilizing regional organizations. The UAE's strategy focused on a wide consensus rather than unilateral actions.
    • The Federal National Council (FNC) condemned the occupation and called on Iran to respect the sovereignty of the region's countries.
    • Further attempts to resume direct talks were made but unsuccessful.
    • Sheikh Zayed's efforts to promote peaceful resolution and international arbitration were unsuccessful.
    • Iran's actions included transforming the islands into military arsenals and deploying additional troops.
    • The UAE protested the violation of its sovereignty and the contradictions to the principles of friendship and good neighborliness.
    • UN mediation efforts were attempted to help resolve the dispute through diplomacy, mediation and arbitration.
    • Despite these efforts, the dispute remained unresolved, with the islands under occupation.

    Serious Violation of the MoU

    • Prior to 1992, Iran and other parties jointly administrated Abu Musa.
    • In 1992, Iran refused access to residents, including the governor appointed by Sharjah, and threatened ships.
    • Iran seized UAE-owned facilities like a desalination plant and a school.
    • The UAE strongly denounced these actions.

    Illegality of Iranian Actions

    • Senior Emirati officials condemned Iran's actions as illegal, violating the MoU, and a breach of good neighbourliness.
    • The UAE emphasized this illegality through speeches at the UN General Assembly.

    First Round of Talks

    • The first round of talks between the UAE and Iran were held in Abu Dhabi.
    • The agenda included ending the military occupation of the islands, securing Iran's commitment to the 1971 MoU regarding Abu Musa and non-interference in the UAE's administrative practices.

    Talks Broke Down

    • Iran refused to discuss issues beyond the MoU, concerning Abu Musa specifically.
    • Iran refused to consider the status of Greater and Lesser Tunbs or refer the case to the ICJ (International Court of Justice).
    • Concerns included Iran's apparent willingness to negotiate but in order to improve relations with Saudi Arabia, not genuinely resolved the issue..
    • The talks broke down without agreement.

    Iranian Intransigence

    • Iranian media warned that the UAE's attempts to regain the islands would be costly('bloodbath'), escalating the conflict.
    • During this period, Iran increased troop deployments and emphasized its readiness to defend the islands.

    Role of the Federal National Council

    • The UAE disregarded the threats issued by Iran.
    • The FNC condemned the occupation and called on Iran to respect sovereignty and territorial integrity.
    • The FNC called on world parliaments to support the UAE's legitimate right according to international law.

    Another Attempt to Resume Direct Talks

    • The UAE made attempts to re-engage in direct talks with Iran.
    • Meetings took place between the UAE and Iranian officials, including the Foreign Minister.
    • There was a further attempt to resume direct talks, but this initiative was canceled due to a perceived lack of Iranian commitment to resolve the issues.

    Sheikh Zayed's Offer

    • President Sheikh Zayed reiterated the UAE's desire for a peaceful resolution through a direct dialogue with Iran.
    • The UAE continued to suggest international arbitration.

    Transform the Islands into Military Arsenals

    • The UAE protested the Iranian establishment of new air routes to Abu Musa island, claiming it violated UAE sovereignty and contradicted principles of good neighborliness.
    • The UAE called for the dispute to be subject to the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
    • The possibility of Iran transforming the islands into military arsenals was a cause of concern.

    UAE Diplomatic Campaign

    • The UAE diplomatic campaign expanded beyond bilateral talks and protests
    • Statements and speeches were made at the UN to the Arab League and GCC to advocate for a peaceful settlement.
    • The UAE sought a resolution through either direct talks or ICJ intervention.

    UN Mediation and Good Offices

    • The UN Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, expressed hope for a resolution of the dispute.
    • UN was ready to play a mediatory role, involving diplomacy, mediation and arbitration, provided both parties agreed.
    • Success of UN mediation depended on the willingness of the parties involved.

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    Related Documents

    PP-T06 Escalation and Management of the Iranian Occupation To The Three Islands PDF

    Description

    This quiz examines the complex escalation of a dispute involving various diplomatic efforts, including conflict resolution methods and the role of the Federal National Council. It highlights failed attempts at negotiations, the significance of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), and regional responses to the conflict with Iran. Test your understanding of the key events and strategies involved in this diplomatic struggle.

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