Erythropoiesis Process

Loss of nucleoli.

There is an increase in the proportion of the cytoplasm.

The Embden-Meyerhof pathway.

<p>NADPH reduces glutathione, which then reduces peroxide to water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G6PD deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces ferric iron to ferrous state, maintaining hemoglobin's functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in size of the nucleus relative to the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensation of chromatin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin is composed of 4 globin chains and 4 heme groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heme synthesis begins in the mitochondria, with the formation of D-ALA from glycine and succinyl coenzyme A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the final step, Fe2+ combines with protoporphyrin IX, facilitated by the enzyme Ferrochelatase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pathway includes intermediates such as Porphobilinogen and Uroporphyrinogen III.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mitochondria are involved in the initial steps of heme synthesis, including the formation of D-ALA and subsequent production of heme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2,3-DPG regulates oxygen delivery by competing with oxygen for binding sites on hemoglobin, promoting oxygen release to tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RBC membrane's elasticity is attributed to its composition, which includes 8% carbohydrates, 52% proteins, and 40% lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hemoglobin viscosity reduces RBC deformability, making it harder for them to pass through narrow capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophage-mediated hemolysis occurs when RBCs become trapped in the spleen's sieve due to reduced flexibility and are then phagocytosed by macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cholesterol levels enhance tensile strength but lead to a loss of elasticity in RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spectrin and Actin maintain the biconcave shape of RBCs, crucial for their flexibility and ability to navigate blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical hemolysis occurs when RBCs rupture due to turbulence within the blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RBC membrane is impermeable to Na, K, and Ca, while being permeable to water, HCO3, and Cl, maintaining osmotic balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoiesis is the process by which erythroid precursor cells differentiate into mature red blood cells, primarily regulated by erythropoietin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It normally takes 3-5 days for reticulocytes to mature from pronormoblasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary stimulus for erythropoietin production is hypoxia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pronormoblast is 14-20 micrometers in size, features 1-2 nucleoli, and has fine chromatin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin synthesis becomes detectable at the basophilic normoblast stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The N/C ratio for the polychromatophilic normoblast is 4:1, indicating that it is the last stage capable of mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleus of the orthchromic normoblast undergoes pyknosis and is later ejected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lifespan of a mature erythrocyte is approximately 120 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reticulocytes can be distinguished by the presence of a basophilic reticulum of RNA, visible only using supravital stain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal erythrocytes appear pink due to the presence of hemoglobin and their biconcave shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen for tissue oxygenation and facilitate carbon dioxide excretion in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gower I hemoglobin consists of 2 Zeta and 2 Epsilon polypeptide chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen at low partial pressures and a high affinity at high partial pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkalinity shifts the curve to the left, resulting in increased affinity for oxygen and decreased oxygen delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal hemoglobin concentration for HbA in adults is 92-95%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low body temperature shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the left, increasing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Under hypoxia, hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases, shifting the dissociation curve to the right, which increases oxygen delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 gram of hemoglobin can carry approximately 1.34 ml of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers