119 Questions
Match the following blood disorders with their descriptions:
Haemorrhagic diseases = Excessive bleeding or hemorrhage Thrombocytopenia = Low platelet count leading to bleeding and bruising Vitamin K deficiency = Impaired blood clotting due to insufficient vitamin K Disseminated intravascular coagulation = Widespread blood clotting leading to organ damage
Match the following components of blood with their functions:
Plasma = Clear, straw-colored fluid transporting nutrients and waste Erythrocytes (red blood cells) = Carrying oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide Leukocytes (white blood cells) = Defending against infections and foreign substances Platelets (thrombocytes) = Assisting in blood clot formation and wound healing
Match the following blood cell disorders with their characteristics:
Anaemias = Conditions characterized by low red blood cell count or hemoglobin levels Polycythaemia = Abnormal increase in red blood cell count or hemoglobin concentration Leukopenia = Decreased white blood cell count, leading to increased susceptibility to infections Leukocytosis = Increased white blood cell count, often due to infection or inflammation
Match the following parts of the body with their roles in blood circulation:
Heart = Propels blood throughout the body via its pumping action Lungs = Oxygenates the blood and removes carbon dioxide Liver = Produces clotting factors and removes toxins from the blood Spleen = Filters and stores blood, removes old or damaged cells
Match the following components of blood with their proportions in the body:
Plasma = Constitutes about 55% of the volume of blood Cell fraction = Comprises about 45% of the volume of blood Blood cells = Heavier than plasma and sink to the bottom when allowed to stand Total blood volume = Approximately 7% of body weight in a 70 kg man
Match the following topics related to blood with their content:
Blood cell formation and functions = Overview of the formation and roles of different types of blood cells Red blood cells = Functions, structure, and characteristics of erythrocytes Haemolytic disease of the newborn = Condition where maternal and fetal blood types are incompatible, leading to destruction of fetal red blood cells Platelets and clot formation = Role of platelets in hemostasis and clotting process
Match the following blood constituent with its main function:
Plasma proteins = Maintain normal plasma osmotic pressure Globulins = Transport of some hormones and mineral salts Electrolytes = Muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses Nutrients = Substances essential for cellular growth and metabolism
Match the following blood constituent with its description:
Plasma = Mainly water carrying a range of dissolved and suspended substances Albumins = Most abundant plasma proteins responsible for maintaining plasma osmotic pressure Globulins = Functions include acting as antibodies, transporting hormones and inhibiting enzymes Clotting factors = Responsible for coagulation of blood
Match the following blood constituent with its role in maintaining body functions:
Hormones = Chemical messengers synthesized by endocrine glands and transported in the blood Gases = Oxygen is bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells for transport Waste products = Urea, creatinine, and uric acid are carried in blood to the kidneys for excretion Plasma viscosity = Due to the presence of plasma proteins, mainly albumin and fibrinogen
Match the following blood cell type with its description:
Erythrocytes (red cells) = Responsible for oxygen transport as oxyhaemoglobin Leukocytes (white cells) = Part of the immune system and produced in red bone marrow Platelets (thrombocytes) = Play a role in blood clotting Lymphocytes = Some are produced in lymphoid tissue and play a part in immunity
Match the following waste product with its source and transport mechanism:
Urea = Waste product of protein metabolism formed in the liver and carried in blood to the kidneys for excretion Creatinine = Another waste product of protein metabolism carried in blood to the kidneys for excretion Carbon dioxide = Transported to the lungs for excretion after being converted to bicarbonate ions in red blood cells Oxygen = Bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells for transport, with over 98% carried this way as oxyhaemoglobin
Match the following plasma constituent with its function:
Water (90-92%) = Carries a range of dissolved and suspended substances Inorganic salts (electrolytes) = Have a range of functions including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and acid-base balance maintenance Plasma proteins (7%) = Responsible for maintaining plasma osmotic pressure, carrying substances, and creating plasma viscosity Nutrients from digested foods waste products = Essential for cellular growth and metabolism, transported in the bloodstream to tissues
Match the following blood cell measurements with their respective normal values:
Erythrocyte count = 4.5x10^12/L to 6.5x10^12/L (4.5-6.5 million/mm^3) Packed cell volume (PCV) = 0.40-0.55 L/L Mean cell volume (MCV) = 80-96 fL Haemoglobin (Hb) = Male: 13-18 g/100 mL, Female: 11.5-16.5 g/100 mL
Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:
Erythropoiesis = The process of red blood cell production from stem cells Reticulocytes = Immature red blood cells released into the bloodstream Oxyhaemoglobin = The form of haemoglobin when it is bound to oxygen Metabolically active tissues = Tissues, like exercising muscles, that release acid waste products
Match the following vitamins with their roles in red blood cell synthesis:
Vitamin B12 = Required for red blood cell synthesis and absorbed in the small intestine Folic acid = Required for red blood cell synthesis and deficiency signs appear within a few months Intrinsic factor = A protein required for the absorption of vitamin B12 Transferrin = The transport protein for iron in the bloodstream
Match the following blood components with their respective functions:
Haemoglobin = Large molecule responsible for oxygen transport in red blood cells Transferrin = Transport protein for iron in the bloodstream and stored in the liver Oxyhaemoglobin = The form of haemoglobin that is described as saturated with oxygen Iron = Element carried in the bloodstream bound to transferrin and stored in the liver
Match the following terms with their respective characteristics:
Biconcave discs = Shape of red blood cells that increases their surface area for gas exchange Reticulocytes = Immature red blood cells that mature into erythrocytes over a few days within the circulation Biconcavity = Characteristic of red blood cells that allows fast entry and exit of gases Flexibility = Property of red blood cells that allows them to squeeze through narrow capillaries
Match the following abbreviations with their meanings commonly used in laboratory reports:
PCV = Packed cell volume - the volume of red cells in 1 litre or mm^3 of blood MCV = Mean cell volume - the volume of an average cell measured in femtolitres (1 fL=10^-15 litre) Hb = Haemoglobin - the weight of haemoglobin in whole blood, measured in grams/100 mL of blood MCHC = Mean cell haemoglobin concentration - the weight of haemoglobin in 100 mL of red cells
Match the following stages in erythrocyte development with their respective descriptions:
Stem cells = Cells from which erythrocytes are developed before entering the blood Reticulocytes = Immature cells released into the bloodstream as a stage in erythrocyte development Erythropoiesis = The process of erythrocyte development from stem cells, taking about 7 days Mature erythrocytes = Erythrocytes that have lost their nucleus and become incapable of division
Match the following terms with their roles in oxygen transport:
Saturated haemoglobin = Describes haemoglobin when all four oxygen-binding sites are full Oxyhaemoglobin = Formed when haemoglobin binds reversibly to oxygen, making arterial blood bright red Oxygen-rich blood = Bright red due to high levels of oxyhaemoglobin compared to dark bluish oxygen-poor blood Low pH tissues = Tissues like exercising muscle that release acid waste products, causing a fall in local pH
Match the following characteristics with their roles related to red cell production:
Iron absorption rate = Very slow even if diet is rich in iron, leading to iron deficiency if losses exceed intake Vitamin B12 and folic acid = Required for red blood cell synthesis and are absorbed from dairy products, meat, and green vegetables Liver stores = Contains substantial stores of vitamin B12 but signs of folic acid deficiency appear within a few months Normal red cell production = Requires a steady supply of iron which is transported by transferrin and stored in liver
Match the following characteristics with their roles related to haemoglobin:
Haemoglobin molecule = Contains four globin chains and four haem units, each with one atom of iron, giving each molecule a capacity to carry up to four molecules of oxygen. Red blood cell's capacity = About 280 million haemoglobin molecules give each cell a theoretical oxygen-carrying capacity of over a billion oxygen molecules. Iron = Carried in the bloodstream bound to its transport protein, transferrin, and stored in liver. Normal production requires a steady supply. Oxygen binding sites = When all four are full, haemoglobin is described as saturated.
Match the following features with their respective effects on oxygen transport:
Loose association between O2 & Hb = Allows oxyhaemoglobin to release its oxygen readily, especially under certain conditions. High O2 content = Causes bright red coloration in arterial blood due to high levels of oxyhaemoglobin. Low O2 content = Causes dark bluish coloration in venous blood due to lower levels of oxyhaemoglobin. Active tissues = Release acid waste products leading to a fall in local pH.
Match the following blood groups with their corresponding antigens and antibodies:
Blood group A = A-type antigens, anti-B antibodies Blood group B = B-type antigens, anti-A antibodies Blood group AB = A and B-type antigens, no antibodies Blood group O = No A or B-type antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Match the following conditions with their effect on erythropoietin production:
Anaemia = Stimulates erythropoietin production Low blood volume = Stimulates erythropoietin production Poor blood flow = Stimulates erythropoietin production Lung disease = Stimulates erythropoietin production
Match the following organs with their role in the destruction of erythrocytes:
Spleen = Site of haemolysis Bone marrow = Site of haemolysis Liver = Site of haemolysis Kidney = Not involved in haemolysis
Match the following blood components with their fate after haemolysis:
Iron = Returned to the bone marrow to form new haemoglobin Biliverdin = Formed from the haem part of haemoglobin Bilirubin = Bound to plasma globulin and transported to the liver Plasma globulin = Transported to the bone marrow for new blood cell formation
Match the following factors with their effect on oxygen release in actively metabolizing tissues:
Low oxygen levels (hypoxia) = Increases oxygen release to the cells High tissue temperature = Increases oxygen release to the cells High tissue oxygen level = Favours oxyhaemoglobin formation High alveolar temperature in the lungs = Favours oxyhaemoglobin formation
Match the following conditions with their effect on red blood cell formation:
Low erythropoietin levels = Red cell formation does not take place even in hypoxia Hypoxia = Stimulates an increase in red blood cell production Normal oxygen supply to body cells = Reduces red blood cell production Anaemia = Stimulates a decrease in red blood cell production
Match the following stimuli with their role in increased erythropoiesis:
Low blood volume = Stimulates increased erythropoiesis Reduced oxygen content of inspired air (as at altitude) = Stimulates increased erythropoiesis Lung disease = Stimulates increased erythropoiesis High oxygen levels in the lungs = Inhibits increased erythropoiesis
Match the following components with their role in controlling red cell numbers:
Bone marrow = Produces erythrocytes at the rate at which they are destroyed Erythropoietin = Regulates red blood cell production by stimulating an increase in proerythroblasts and reticulocytes Macrophages in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver = Carry out haemolysis of aged erythrocytes Plasma globulin = Controls red cell numbers by binding to bilirubin and transporting it to the liver for excretion
Match the following statements about transfusion with their accuracy:
Transfusion reaction occurs when donor and recipient blood types are incompatible = Accurate statement about transfusion reaction occurrence. Individuals can make antibodies to their own type of antigen = Inaccurate statement about antibody production. Universal recipient can receive any type of blood without risk of rejection = Accurate statement about universal recipient. Cross-matching is not required prior to transfusion = Inaccurate statement about transfusion preparation.
Match the following scenarios with their effect on red blood cell membranes:
Incompatible transfusion = Causes immune response due to transfer of antigens from one individual to another. Compatible transfusion within ABO system = Does not cause immune response due to similar cell surface antigens. Aging of erythrocytes = Leads to fragile cell membranes and susceptibility to haemolysis. Hypoxia = Results in increased fragility and susceptibility of cell membranes.
Match the following conditions with their effect on immune response during transfusion:
Transfusion with compatible blood type = Immune system does not recognize foreign antigens and does not reject transfused cells. Transfusion with incompatible blood type = Immune system generates antibodies against foreign antigens and destroys transfused cells. Individuals making antibodies to their own type of antigen = Would cause a potentially fatal transfusion reaction if transfused with incompatible blood. Donor and recipient having different collections of red cell surface antigens = Can cause immune response despite compatible ABO systems.
Match the following statements about blood groups with their accuracy:
About 55% of UK population has either A-type, B-type, or both antigens on red cell surface = Accurate statement about distribution of ABO antigens in UK population. Individuals can make antibodies to their own type of antigen = Inaccurate statement about antibody production. Blood group AB individuals make both anti-A and anti-B antibodies = Inaccurate statement about antibody production in blood group AB individuals. Blood group O individuals can safely transfuse into A, B, AB, or O types = Accurate statement about compatibility of blood group O.
Match the following blood cell types with their descriptions:
Basophils = Release histamine and heparin during allergic reactions Mast cells = Similar to basophils, but fixed in the tissues and degranulate upon allergen binding Macrophages = Actively phagocytic cells that produce cytokines and have a central role in linking non-specific and specific immune systems Lymphocytes = Smaller cells with large nuclei, found in tissues and develop from pluripotent stem cells
Match the following cell types with their primary functions:
Monocytes = Circulate in the blood, actively motile and phagocytic, and develop into macrophages in tissues Platelets (thrombocytes) = Cell fragments that promote blood clotting and haemostasis Basophils = Bind to antibody-type receptors on the basophil membrane and release histamine and heparin during allergic reactions Mast cells = Fixed in the tissues and degranulate within seconds of binding an allergen
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Vasoconstriction = Smooth muscle contraction in vessel wall to reduce blood flow Haemostasis = Stopping of blood loss from a damaged blood vessel Coagulation = Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to an insoluble mesh of fibrin, trapping red blood cells and platelets Platelet plug formation = Platelets stick to each other and form a temporary seal at the site of vessel injury
Match the following terms with their related actions:
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) release = Causes vessel constriction when platelets come into contact with a damaged blood vessel Thromboxane release = Constricts the vessel, reducing or stopping blood flow through it when platelets adhere to the damaged wall Endothelin release = Acts as vasoconstrictor when blood vessels are damaged Thrombin action = Converts soluble fibrinogen to an insoluble mesh of fibrin, trapping red blood cells and platelets
Match the following cell types with their origin and development:
Monocytes = Develop from pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow and from precursors in lymphoid tissue Lymphocytes = Originate from only one type of stem cell but develop into two distinct types - T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes Platelets (thrombocytes) = Budded off from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow Macrophages = Develop from monocytes that migrate into the tissues
Match the following terms with their related locations:
Spleen = Location where platelets are stored as an emergency store, released as required to control excessive bleeding Lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue = Locations where most lymphocytes are found, apart from those circulating in the blood Red bone marrow = Site where monocytes develop from pluripotent stem cells and where platelets are budded off from megakaryocytes' cytoplasm Tissues = Location where some monocytes migrate into and develop into macrophages
Match the following terms with their related functions:
Histamine release by basophils = Causes dilation of blood vessels and increases their permeability during allergic reactions Heparin release by basophils = Prevents blood clotting and promotes fluidity of blood during allergic reactions Cytokine production by macrophages = Important in inflammation, repair, linking non-specific and specific immune systems, and enhancing production of activated T-lymphocytes Thrombopoietin action = Stimulates platelet production from the liver
Match the following terms with their related characteristics:
Macrophages = Actively phagocytic cells that are much more powerful and longer-lived than neutrophils Lymphocytes = Smaller than monocytes, have large nuclei, circulate in the blood, and are found in tissues such as lymph nodes and spleen Platelets (thrombocytes) = Very small, disc-shaped cell fragments that promote blood clotting, have no nucleus, and packed with granules containing substances for haemostasis Basophils = Bind to antibody-type receptors on the basophil membrane and release histamine and heparin during allergic reactions
Match the following terms with their related counts/levels:
Total leukocyte count for monocytes and lymphocytes combined = 25-50% of total leukocyte count Normal blood platelet count range = Between 200 x10⁹/L and 350 x10⁹/L (200,000-350,000/mm³) Platelet lifespan range = Between 8 and 11 days Third of platelets stored within spleen vs circulation = About a third of platelets are stored within the spleen rather than in circulation
Match the following terms with their related roles in body defense:
Macrophages = Linking non-specific and specific (immune) systems of body defense, producing factors important in inflammation and repair, actively phagocytic, walling off indigestible materials Lymphocytes = Producing two distinct types - T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes Platelets (thrombocytes) = Promotes haemostasis Basophils = Releasing histamine and heparin during allergic reactions
Match the leukocyte with its percentage of total in adult blood:
Neutrophils = 40-75 Eosinophils = 1-6 Basophils = <1 Monocytes = 2-10
Match the leukocyte with its function in defense and immunity:
Neutrophils = Protects against bacterial invasion and removes dead cells Eosinophils = Eliminates parasites and releases toxic chemicals Basophils = Promotes inflammation and contains histamine Monocytes = Phagocytic action and defense against infection
Match the leukocyte with its method of action in infected tissue:
Neutrophils = Engulf and kill bacteria by phagocytosis Eosinophils = Release toxic chemicals when binding to infecting organisms Basophils = Contain cytoplasmic granules packed with heparin and histamine Monocytes = Local accumulation in allergic inflammation and promote tissue inflammation
Match the ABO blood group with its compatibility:
Blood group A = Compatible with A and AB, Incompatible with B and O Blood group B = Compatible with B and AB, Incompatible with A and O Blood group AB = Compatible with AB only, Incompatible with A, B, and O Blood group O = Compatible with O only, Incompatible with A, AB, and B
Match the ABO blood group with its antigen and antibody presence:
Blood group A = Antigen A, Makes anti-B antibodies Blood group B = Antigen B, Makes anti-A antibodies Blood group AB = Makes neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies Blood group O = Neither A nor B antigen, Makes both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Match the Rhesus (Rh) factor status with its antibody production capability:
Rhesus-positive (Rh+) = Do not make anti-Rhesus antibodies Rhesus-negative (Rh-) = Capable of making anti-Rhesus antibodies under certain circumstances
Match the Rhesus (Rh) factor status with its compatibility in blood transfusion:
Rhesus-positive (Rh+) = - Rhesus-negative (Rh-) = -
Match the granulocyte type with the dye it takes up when stained in the laboratory:
Neutrophils = Purple because they take up both acid and alkaline dyes Eosinophils = Take up the red acid dye, eosin Basophils = Take up alkaline methylene blue dye
What are the primary components of blood?
Plasma and blood cells
What is the normal volume percentage of plasma in blood?
55%
How much of the body weight does blood make up in a 70 kg man?
About 7%
What are the main substances transported by blood?
Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, antibodies, clotting factors, and wastes
What is the composition of the cellular content of blood?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets (thrombocytes)
How can blood cells and plasma be separated?
By centrifugation (spinning) or by simple gravity when blood is allowed to stand
What is the main function of erythrocytes?
Transport of gas, mainly oxygen
What is the diameter of a red blood cell?
About 7μm
What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte in the circulation?
About 120 days
What are the two vitamins required for red blood cell synthesis?
Vitamin B12 and folic acid
What is the average amount of hemoglobin per cell in picograms?
27-32 pg/cell
What is the function of the globular protein in the haemoglobin molecule?
To bind to oxygen
What is the color of blood rich in oxygen due to?
High levels of oxyhaemoglobin
What is the iron-containing complex in the haemoglobin molecule called?
Haem
Where is iron stored in the body?
In the liver
What is the volume of an average red blood cell, measured in femtolitres?
80-96 fL
What is the percentage of the body's total cell count that red blood cells make up?
About 25%
What is the main role of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?
To increase surface area for gas exchange
What hormone regulates red blood cell production and is produced mainly by the kidney?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary stimulus for increased erythropoiesis?
Hypoxia
What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?
About 120 days
Which organ carries out the breakdown, or haemolysis, of erythrocytes?
Spleen, bone marrow, and liver
What is formed from the haem part of the haemoglobin during the breakdown of erythrocytes?
Biliverdin, which is almost completely reduced to the yellow pigment bilirubin
What determines an individual's blood group?
The range of different proteins (antigens) carried on the red blood cell membrane
What percentage of the UK population has either A-type antigens, B-type antigens, or both on their red cell surface?
About 55%
Why are individuals transfused with blood of the same group less likely to experience rejection?
Their immune system will not recognize them as foreign and will not reject them
What are individuals with blood group AB sometimes known as?
Universal recipients
What are individuals with blood group O sometimes known as?
Universal donors
What is the main constituent of plasma?
Water (90-92%)
What is the basis of a transfusion reaction?
Incompatibility between the blood types of the donor and the recipient
List the three main functions of the globulins.
- Acting as antibodies 2. Transporting hormones and mineral salts 3. Inhibiting proteolytic enzymes
Which are the most important blood group systems?
ABO and Rhesus systems
What are the three main types of blood cells?
Erythrocytes (red cells), leukocytes (white cells), platelets (thrombocytes)
What is responsible for creating the osmotic pressure of blood?
Plasma proteins
What is the range of blood pH that is maintained to keep it slightly alkaline?
7.35 to 7.45
What are the waste products of protein metabolism carried in the blood for excretion?
Urea, creatinine, uric acid
What is the main function of albumins?
Maintaining normal plasma osmotic pressure
Which blood constituent is responsible for the coagulation of blood?
Clotting factors
What is the main function of plasma proteins?
Creating the osmotic pressure of blood
What is the primary function of plasma electrolytes?
Including muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, and maintenance of acid-base balance
What is the main function of plasma viscosity?
Due to the presence of plasma proteins, mainly albumin and fibrinogen
What is the main function of plasma electrolytes?
Including muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, and maintenance of acid-base balance
What is the primary difference between mast cells and basophils?
Mast cells are fixed in the tissues, while basophils are not.
What is the function of thrombopoietin?
It stimulates platelet production.
What is the role of macrophages in inflammation and repair?
Macrophages have a diverse range of protective functions, including producing factors important in inflammation and repair.
What is the normal blood platelet count range?
Between 200 x10⁹/L and 350 x10⁹/L (200,000-350,000/mm³).
What is the main function of platelets?
Promoting blood clotting and causing haemostasis.
What are the two distinct types of lymphocytes that develop from pluripotent stem cells?
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
What are the main substances contained in platelet granules?
Substances that promote blood clotting.
What is the lifespan of platelets?
Between 8 and 11 days.
What is the role of thrombocytes in haemostasis?
They play a vital part in the process of haemostasis.
What causes the release of platelets from the spleen?
Control of excessive bleeding.
What is the main role of monocytes in the body?
They are actively motile and phagocytic, and develop into macrophages.
What is the function of interleukin 1 produced by monocytes?
It enhances the production of activated T-lymphocytes.
What percentage of people are Rhesus-positive (Rh+)?
85%
What is the specialized role of eosinophils?
Elimination of parasites
What is the function of heparin stored in basophils?
Anticoagulant
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
Protect the body against bacterial invasion
What stimulates basophil degranulation?
Allergen
What is the percentage range of total leukocytes in adult blood?
1-6%
What is the main function of monocytes in defense and immunity?
Detecting foreign or abnormal material and destroying it
What is the percentage range of neutrophils in adult blood?
40-75%
What is the primary function of lymphocytes in defense and immunity?
Immune response
What is the primary function of basophils in allergic reactions?
Promote inflammation
What is the function of histaminase released by eosinophils?
Break down histamine
What is the main function of granulocytes in defense and immunity?
Detecting and destroying foreign or abnormal material
Test your knowledge of erythropoiesis and the release of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin in low oxygen levels. This quiz covers the breakdown of oxyhaemoglobin and the factors influencing oxygen release in tissues.
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