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Questions and Answers
What is the primary substance within an erythrocyte?
What is the primary substance within an erythrocyte?
- Mitochondria
- Organelles
- Plasma membrane
- Hemoglobin (correct)
What is the estimated number of erythrocytes in the human body?
What is the estimated number of erythrocytes in the human body?
- Over 20 trillion (correct)
- 15 trillion
- 2 trillion
- 10 trillion
Why is most oxygen transported on hemoglobin rather than dissolved in plasma?
Why is most oxygen transported on hemoglobin rather than dissolved in plasma?
- Hemoglobin is more efficient at transporting oxygen
- Oxygen is more soluble in hemoglobin than in plasma
- Plasma has a lower oxygen carrying capacity
- Hemoglobin has a higher oxygen carrying capacity (correct)
Where does carbon dioxide diffuse into from the blood in the pulmonary capillaries?
Where does carbon dioxide diffuse into from the blood in the pulmonary capillaries?
How is carbon dioxide transported from systemic cells to the lungs?
How is carbon dioxide transported from systemic cells to the lungs?
What is the approximate amount of carbon dioxide produced by cells per minute?
What is the approximate amount of carbon dioxide produced by cells per minute?
What is the approximate oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the blood as it leaves the lungs?
What is the approximate oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the blood as it leaves the lungs?
What is the maximum number of oxygen molecules that can bind to a single hemoglobin molecule?
What is the maximum number of oxygen molecules that can bind to a single hemoglobin molecule?
What is the meaning of a hemoglobin being 25% saturated with oxygen?
What is the meaning of a hemoglobin being 25% saturated with oxygen?
During resting conditions, what percentage of the oxygen transported by hemoglobin is released as it passes through systemic capillaries?
During resting conditions, what percentage of the oxygen transported by hemoglobin is released as it passes through systemic capillaries?
What happens to the hemoglobin saturation in the blood leaving systemic capillaries during vigorous exercise?
What happens to the hemoglobin saturation in the blood leaving systemic capillaries during vigorous exercise?
Which of the following is NOT a substance that hemoglobin transports relative to respiration activities?
Which of the following is NOT a substance that hemoglobin transports relative to respiration activities?
What is the percentage of oxygen reserve bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries?
What is the percentage of oxygen reserve bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries?
How does the binding or release of one substance by hemoglobin influence its ability to bind or release the other two substances?
How does the binding or release of one substance by hemoglobin influence its ability to bind or release the other two substances?
What is the most important variable that determines the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
What is the most important variable that determines the percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
If systemic cell Po2 decreases to 20 mm Hg during vigorous exercise, what happens to the hemoglobin saturation?
If systemic cell Po2 decreases to 20 mm Hg during vigorous exercise, what happens to the hemoglobin saturation?
What purpose does the oxygen reserve serve in the body?
What purpose does the oxygen reserve serve in the body?
What is the meaning of hemoglobin being 100% saturated with oxygen?
What is the meaning of hemoglobin being 100% saturated with oxygen?
What is the approximate hemoglobin saturation at an altitude of 17,000 feet?
What is the approximate hemoglobin saturation at an altitude of 17,000 feet?
At what altitude does altitude sickness typically occur for most individuals?
At what altitude does altitude sickness typically occur for most individuals?
What are some milder symptoms of altitude sickness?
What are some milder symptoms of altitude sickness?
How do changes in altitude initially affect hemoglobin saturation?
How do changes in altitude initially affect hemoglobin saturation?
What is the approximate alveolar PO2 at an altitude of 9000 feet?
What is the approximate alveolar PO2 at an altitude of 9000 feet?
At what altitude do adverse physiologic effects from a decrease in alveolar PO2, known as altitude sickness, start occurring?
At what altitude do adverse physiologic effects from a decrease in alveolar PO2, known as altitude sickness, start occurring?
What happens when CO2 and H+ are released from hemoglobin during pulmonary gas exchange?
What happens when CO2 and H+ are released from hemoglobin during pulmonary gas exchange?
What is the effect of CO2 and H+ binding to hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange?
What is the effect of CO2 and H+ binding to hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange?
What is the effect of an increase in body temperature on hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange?
What is the effect of an increase in body temperature on hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange?
Which of the following statements about the role of hemoglobin in gas exchange is correct?
Which of the following statements about the role of hemoglobin in gas exchange is correct?
What is the name given to the effect where the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin decreases its affinity for oxygen?
What is the name given to the effect where the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin decreases its affinity for oxygen?
Which of the following statements about the transport of gases by hemoglobin is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about the transport of gases by hemoglobin is incorrect?
What is the primary factor determining the ability of blood to transport oxygen?
What is the primary factor determining the ability of blood to transport oxygen?
What is hemoglobin referred to when it is bound to oxygen?
What is hemoglobin referred to when it is bound to oxygen?
Where does oxygen mainly attach within the blood for transport?
Where does oxygen mainly attach within the blood for transport?
What is the term used for deoxygenated hemoglobin?
What is the term used for deoxygenated hemoglobin?
Which term describes hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it?
Which term describes hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it?
What percentage of the total oxygen in the blood is typically dissolved in the plasma?
What percentage of the total oxygen in the blood is typically dissolved in the plasma?
At an altitude of approximately 9000 feet, the hemoglobin saturation would be:
At an altitude of approximately 9000 feet, the hemoglobin saturation would be:
What is the approximate hemoglobin saturation at an altitude of 17,000 feet?
What is the approximate hemoglobin saturation at an altitude of 17,000 feet?
At what altitude do adverse physiologic effects from a decrease in alveolar Po2, known as altitude sickness, start occurring for some individuals?
At what altitude do adverse physiologic effects from a decrease in alveolar Po2, known as altitude sickness, start occurring for some individuals?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a milder symptom of altitude sickness?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a milder symptom of altitude sickness?
What happens to hemoglobin saturation as altitude increases from sea level?
What happens to hemoglobin saturation as altitude increases from sea level?
What is the relationship between the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin and its affinity for oxygen during tissue gas exchange?
What is the relationship between the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin and its affinity for oxygen during tissue gas exchange?
What effect does the release of CO2 and H+ from hemoglobin have during pulmonary gas exchange?
What effect does the release of CO2 and H+ from hemoglobin have during pulmonary gas exchange?
During tissue gas exchange, the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin causes:
During tissue gas exchange, the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin causes:
What is the effect of an increase in body temperature on hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange?
What is the effect of an increase in body temperature on hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the transport of gases by hemoglobin?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the transport of gases by hemoglobin?
What is the name given to the effect where the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin decreases its affinity for oxygen?
What is the name given to the effect where the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin decreases its affinity for oxygen?
What is the primary substance within an erythrocyte?
What is the primary substance within an erythrocyte?
What is the primary role of carbonic anhydrase within erythrocytes in the transport of CO2?
What is the primary role of carbonic anhydrase within erythrocytes in the transport of CO2?
What happens to the CO2 that diffuses into erythrocytes from systemic cells?
What happens to the CO2 that diffuses into erythrocytes from systemic cells?
What is the role of the chloride shift in the transport of CO2?
What is the role of the chloride shift in the transport of CO2?
What happens to the H2CO3 formed within erythrocytes during CO2 transport?
What happens to the H2CO3 formed within erythrocytes during CO2 transport?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the transport of respiratory gases?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the transport of respiratory gases?
What happens to the CO2 that diffuses from the plasma into the alveoli during pulmonary gas exchange?
What happens to the CO2 that diffuses from the plasma into the alveoli during pulmonary gas exchange?
What is the primary function of 2,3-BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate) in erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of 2,3-BPG (2,3-biphosphoglycerate) in erythrocytes?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?
What is the effect of an increase in temperature on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
What is the effect of an increase in temperature on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Which of the following hormones is NOT mentioned as stimulating the production of 2,3-BPG in erythrocytes?
Which of the following hormones is NOT mentioned as stimulating the production of 2,3-BPG in erythrocytes?
What is the effect of a decrease in pH (increase in H+ concentration) on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
What is the effect of a decrease in pH (increase in H+ concentration) on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Which of the following statements about the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin is correct?
Which of the following statements about the binding of CO2 and H+ to hemoglobin is correct?
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Study Notes
Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin
- Erythrocytes are biconcave, flexible cells with no nucleus or mitochondria and few organelles.
- They retain their plasma membrane, and their primary substance is hemoglobin.
- An erythrocyte can be described as a "bag of hemoglobin."
- There are approximately 20 trillion erythrocytes in the human body, each containing about 280 million hemoglobin molecules.
Oxygen Transport
- Oxygen is transported within blood from the alveoli to systemic cells in body tissues.
- The ability of blood to transport oxygen is dependent upon two factors:
- Solubility coefficient of oxygen in blood plasma (only 2% of oxygen is dissolved in plasma)
- Presence of hemoglobin (Hb)
- Hemoglobin binds to oxygen, forming oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), which allows for 98% of oxygen to be transported within erythrocytes.
Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Carbon dioxide is transported from systemic cells to the lungs through deoxygenated blood.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from systemic cells into the blood, then into pulmonary capillaries, and finally into the alveoli.
- The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) within erythrocytes.
Hemoglobin as a Transport Molecule
- Hemoglobin transports three substances relative to respiration activities:
- Oxygen attached to iron
- Carbon dioxide bound to the globin
- Hydrogen ions bound to the globin
- The binding or release of one substance causes a conformational change in hemoglobin, influencing the ability to bind or release the other two substances.
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve
- The oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve shows how PO2 influences the percent saturation of hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange.
- Variables that influence the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve include:
- Temperature (increased temperature decreases hemoglobin saturation)
- pH (increased H+ concentration decreases hemoglobin saturation)
- 2,3-BPG (increased concentration decreases hemoglobin saturation)
- Altitude (increased altitude decreases hemoglobin saturation)
Tissue Gas Exchange
- Oxygen is released from hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange due to the conformational change caused by the binding of CO2 and H+.
- This release of oxygen is known as the Bohr effect.
- The oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve helps to understand how PO2 influences the percent saturation of hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange.
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