29 Questions
What type of chromosome alteration results from a broken fragment reattaching as an extra segment?
Duplication
Which term refers to the loss of a chromosomal fragment, resulting in the absence of certain genes?
Deletion
When a chromosomal fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in reverse orientation, what type of alteration occurs?
Inversion
What happens during nondisjunction in meiosis?
Abnormal chromosome distribution
Which condition results from the presence of an extra chromosome?
Trisomy
What is the major cause of pregnancy loss related to chromosome alterations?
Nondisjunction
What is the role of DNA ligase during DNA replication?
Joining Okazaki fragments
What is the function of DNA polymerase I during DNA replication?
Removing RNA primers
How does DNA polymerase III differ in its function from DNA polymerase I?
Synthesizing the lagging strand
During which phase of the cell cycle does chromatin condense to form visible chromosomes?
Mitosis
In eukaryotic cells, what is the role of chromatin during interphase?
Exists as dispersed thin fibers
What is the function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
Copying DNA into mRNA
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during translation?
Ribosome
Which of the following nitrogenous base pairs in DNA forms three hydrogen bonds?
Guanine with cytosine
In the context of DNA replication, what is the role of helicase?
Unwinding the double helix
According to Chargaff's rules, what can be said about the percentages of A and T bases in DNA?
The percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal
What was the key finding of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase's experiment with the T2 phage?
DNA, not protein, enters bacterial cells during infection
In Watson and Crick's model, how do adenine and thymine pair in DNA?
Via two hydrogen bonds
What is the function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?
Relieving strain ahead of the replication fork
Which experiment provided additional evidence for DNA as the genetic material by showing that viral DNA enters bacterial cells during infection?
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase's experiment with the T2 phage
What distinguishes the semiconservative model of DNA replication from other types?
Each daughter molecule has one old and one new strand
In Chargaff's rules, what does it mean when it is said that 'DNA base composition varies between species'?
The ratios of A-T and G-C bases differ among species
What is the significance of having specific enzyme activities like primase during DNA replication?
It synthesizes RNA primers as starting points for DNA synthesis
How do post-translational modifications influence a protein?
Affect the protein's activity and localization
What role does a corepressor play in gene regulation?
Inhibits the repressor from binding to the operator
In bacteria, what happens when an inducer binds to a repressor protein?
The repressor is inactivated, turning off an operon
What is the function of a regulatory gene in bacteria?
Controls the transcription of other genes by coding for regulatory proteins
How does E.coli prioritize energy sources when both glucose and lactose are present?
Primarily utilizes glucose as an energy source
What effect does adding lactose to E.coli's environment have on β-galactosidase production?
Increases enzyme production significantly
Learn about how errors can occur in meiosis, both numerical and structural, and the potential outcomes such as chromosome breakage and alterations. Understand the four types of changes that can result from chromosome breakage: deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.
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