Error Handling in Cryptography

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What is the primary requirement for good diffusion in an encryption algorithm?

The interceptor needs access to a large portion of the ciphertext (correct)

The algorithm should be able to encrypt data quickly

The algorithm should be complex and difficult to understand

The algorithm should be able to encrypt data in small blocks

What is the primary intention of the Data Encryption Standard (DES)?

To be used by the general public (correct)

To be used only for high-security applications

To be used only for low-security applications

To be used exclusively by the U.S. government

What is the length of the plaintext blocks used in the DES algorithm?

128 bits

256 bits

64 bits (correct)

32 bits

What is the actual length of the key used in the DES algorithm?

56 bits Signup and view all the answers

How many cycles of substitution and transposition are used in the DES algorithm?

16 cycles Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of the DES algorithm being publishable?

It ensures that the security of the algorithm does not depend on its secrecy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the DES algorithm?

To conceal information through confusion and diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the input blocks in the DES algorithm?

64 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the initial permutation in the DES algorithm?

To prepare the data for the cycles Signup and view all the answers

How many times are the cycles repeated in the DES algorithm?

What is the purpose of the final permutation in the DES algorithm?

To reverse the initial permutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the substitution in the DES algorithm?

To provide confusion Signup and view all the answers

What type of error can sometimes be recognized during decryption because the plaintext will be properly recovered up to a point, and then all following characters will be wrong?

Skipping a character in the key during encryption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using block ciphers to address errors in encryption?

To make it harder for a cryptanalyst to break the code Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of stream encryption algorithms?

Each symbol is encrypted without regard for any other plaintext symbols Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a block cipher?

Columnar transposition Signup and view all the answers

How can a receiver recover from an error caused by skipping a character in the key during encryption?

By recalibrating the key with the ciphertext Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the block size and the size of a character in block ciphers?

The block size need not have any particular relationship to the size of a character Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the expansion permutation in the DES algorithm?

To repeat certain bits and expand the right half from 32 bits to 48 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the mathematical representation of a single round in the DES algorithm?

Li=Ri-1 Ri = Li-1 ⊕f(Ri-1,Ki) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the permutation P in the DES algorithm?

To permute the 32-bit result of the substitution Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are in the key used in the DES algorithm?

56 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the initial permutation (IP) in the DES algorithm?

To sort the plaintext bytes into columns Signup and view all the answers

How many types of permutations are used in the DES algorithm?

3 types Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using only one cycle in the DES algorithm?

A single ciphertext bit is affected by only a few plaintext bits Signup and view all the answers

Why are the S-boxes designed to minimize the difference between the number of 1s and 0s in the output?

To prevent disproportionately many 0s or 1s in the output Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using multiple iterations in the DES algorithm?

To make each ciphertext bit depend on all plaintext bits Signup and view all the answers

How many 56-bit keys are possible in the DES algorithm?

256 Signup and view all the answers

What would be the time required to test all possible keys in the DES algorithm if one key is tested every 100 milliseconds?

7.2 * 10^15 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to brute-force the DES algorithm?

The number of possible keys is too large Signup and view all the answers