Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the psychological defense mechanism in which an individual separates themselves from their thoughts, emotions, or personal sense of self?

  • Dissociation (correct)
  • Intellectualization
  • Identification
  • Projection

    • Which psychological process involves imitating the characteristics or behaviors of another person to boost one's self-esteem or alleviate anxiety?

  • Introjection
  • Intellectualization
  • Dissociation
  • Identification (correct)

    • What is the act of ascribing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives to other people?

  • Projection (correct)
  • Dissociation
  • Physical avoidance
  • Introjection

    • What is the psychological defense mechanism that involves reducing the impact of emotions associated with stressful events by concentrating on the intellectual aspects of the situation?

    <p>Intellectualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of internalizing external objects or qualities as part of one's own identity?

    <p>Introjection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the act of deliberately staying away from situations or individuals that have the potential to trigger feelings of anxiety or distress?

    <p>Physical avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological defense mechanism is characterized by an individual's attempt to manage their emotions by delinking themselves from their thoughts, emotions, or personal sense of self?

    <p>Dissociation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of internalizing external objects or qualities as part of one's own identity?

    <p>Development of a self-critical inner voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological process is characterized by an individual's attempt to alleviate anxiety by imitating the characteristics or behaviors of another person?

    <p>Identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of intellectualization as a psychological defense mechanism?

    <p>To alleviate anxiety by concentrating on the intellectual aspects of the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rationalization is a psychological defense mechanism that involves reducing the impact of emotions associated with stressful events by concentrating on the intellectual aspects of the situation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Projection is a psychological defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sublimation is a psychological defense mechanism that involves eliminating unacceptable urges or drives from one's conscious mind.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reaction formation is a psychological defense mechanism that involves expressing the opposite of one's true feelings.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regression is a psychological defense mechanism that involves adopting more mature behaviors to cope with stress.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sarcasm is a psychological defense mechanism that involves using words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Introjection is a psychological defense mechanism that involves adopting the thoughts or feelings of others as one's own.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repression is a psychological defense mechanism that involves consciously remembering unpleasant emotions or desires.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical avoidance is a psychological defense mechanism that involves confronting feared situations or objects head-on.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    He just had too much on his plate at work at the time is an example of repression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defense mechanism when someone transforms their anxiety into a physical symptom with no apparent cause?

    <p>Conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defense mechanism when someone balances a failure or inadequacy with an accomplishment?

    <p>Compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defense mechanism when someone shows indifference or lack of interest to avoid dealing with unpleasant emotions?

    <p>Apathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defense mechanism when someone avoids acknowledging unpleasant or uncomfortable realities?

    <p>Denial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defense mechanism when someone attributes their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

    • Erikson's theory is one of the most widely accepted frameworks for understanding the challenges and tasks people face throughout their lives.
    • Successfully navigating these stages results in healthy personality development and a functioning ego.
    • Society and culture have a significant impact on personality development.

    Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 0-1 year)

    • Primary goal: form attachments and gain trust in the primary caregiver.
    • Establishes the tone for future emotional development.
    • Infants learn to trust that their fundamental needs, such as food, comfort, and warmth, will be met.
    • Successful completion of these tasks boosts self-confidence and optimism.
    • Failure leads to mistrust, suspicion, and interpersonal relationship difficulties.

    Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood: 1-3 years)

    • Toddlers start to assert their independence and acquire autonomy.
    • Key task: establish a sense of autonomy and self-control.

    ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

    • Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by enduring patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that hinder functioning or development.
    • Usually commences during childhood and can endure into adulthood.
    • Symptoms:
      • Challenges in maintaining attention.
      • Excessive restlessness or wriggling.
      • Impulsivity (acting without forethought).
      • Difficulties in task organization.
      • Forgetfulness.
      • Excessive verbal communication.
    • Treatment:
      • Blend of pharmacological interventions (stimulants or non-stimulants).
      • Behavioral therapies (parent training, classroom accommodations, cognitive-behavioral strategies).

    Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • Psychiatric disorder activated by the experience or observation of a distressing event.
    • Common symptoms:
      • Intrusive memories.
      • Nightmares.
      • Flashbacks.
      • Intense emotional distress.
      • Avoidance of stimuli related to the traumatic event.
      • Heightened arousal (e.g., exaggerated startle response).

    Developmental Delay

    • Key steps:
      • Figure out how patients communicate and how much they understand.
      • Address patients first and maintain calm.
      • Avoid showing impatience and speak at a consistent volume.
      • Advocate for patients and show respect and empathy.
      • Make accommodations to meet patients' needs.

    Illness & Diseases

    • Individuals with chronic or terminal illnesses are extremely stressed.
    • Key approaches:
      • Greet patients warmly and respect their dignity.
      • Provide support and empathy while allowing the patient to set the tone of the conversation.
      • Listen carefully to the patient, maintain eye contact, and ask how you can assist.
      • Ensure access to necessary services, including hospice referrals, meal delivery, and home health assistance.

    Defense Mechanisms

    • Psychological tactics used to shield oneself from anxiety caused by unacceptable thoughts or emotions.
    • Types:
      • Apathy: deliberately avoiding emotional or physical involvement with situations or people.
      • Compensation: offsetting a perceived deficiency by highlighting a favorable attribute or proficiency.
      • Conversion: emotional distress manifested as physical symptoms.
      • Denial: consciously rejecting the acknowledgment of facts or emotions that are excessively distressing.
      • Displacement: shifting emotions from their initial source to a target that is perceived as less intimidating.
      • Dissociation: intentionally separating oneself from thoughts, emotions, recollections, or personal sense of self.
      • Identification: imitating the characteristics or behaviors of another person to boost one's self-esteem or alleviate anxiety.
      • Intellectualization: reducing the impact of emotions by concentrating on the intellectual aspects of the situation.
      • Introjection: internalizing external objects or qualities as part of one's own identity.
      • Physical avoidance: deliberately staying away from situations or individuals that trigger feelings of anxiety or distress.
      • Projection: ascribing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives to other people.

    Psychosocial Development

    • Successful outcome in middle adulthood: Generativity, characterized by feelings of productivity and accomplishment
    • Unsuccessful outcome in middle adulthood: Stagnation, marked by self-absorption and lack of contribution to society
    • Tools for medical assistants: Encourage community service, support career and family balance, and promote lifelong learning and personal growth

    Ego Integrity vs. Despair

    • Successful outcome in late adulthood: Ego Integrity, characterized by acceptance of one's life and finding meaning in it
    • Unsuccessful outcome in late adulthood: Despair, marked by regret, unrealized potential, and a sense of hopelessness
    • Tools for medical assistants: Provide opportunities for older adults to share their life stories, support volunteerism, and offer resources for coping with age-related changes and health issues

    Importance of Mental Health

    • Mental health is equally important as physical health in overall well-being
    • Mental health encompasses cognitive functions, behaviors, and emotional state
    • Traumatic events can lead to acute stress reactions and PTSD, characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, and intrusive memories

    Managing Stress

    • Stress can originate from both positive and negative events
    • Effective management of environmental stressors requires a comprehensive understanding of how perceptions and coping mechanisms impact stress responses
    • Efficient methods to alleviate environmental stress include relaxation techniques, mindfulness practices, and physical activities that foster stress relief
    • Socioeconomic stressors primarily revolve around financial difficulties and instability, and can result in emotions of despair, unease, and despondency

    Strategies for Medical Assistants

    • Establish trust and rapport with patients experiencing stress
    • Provide instruction on stress management strategies
    • Utilize support services and facilitate connections between patients and professionals
    • Champion patient rights and promote transparent communication
    • Intervene and educate others on providing accommodations for patients with disabilities

    Developmental Delay

    • When working with patients with mental or emotional disabilities, determine how they communicate and understand
    • Address the patient first, maintain calm, and avoid showing impatience
    • Advocate for patients, show respect and empathy, and make accommodations to meet their needs

    Illness and Diseases

    • Individuals with chronic or terminal illnesses experience extreme stress
    • Greet patients warmly and respect their dignity, providing support and empathy while allowing them to set the tone of the conversation
    • Avoid saying you understand how the patient feels, instead listen carefully and maintain eye contact
    • Ensure patients have access to necessary services, including hospice referrals, meal delivery, and home health assistance

    Defense Mechanisms

    • Introjection: Adoption of thoughts or feelings of others
    • Physical Avoidance: Keeping away from people, places, or objects that evoke unpleasant memories
    • Projection: Transference of unpleasant ideas and emotions onto someone or something else
    • Rationalization: Explanation that makes something negative or unacceptable seem justifiable or acceptable
    • Reaction Formation: Belief in and expression of the opposite of one's true feelings
    • Regression: Reversion to an earlier, more childlike, developmental behavior
    • Repression: Elimination of unpleasant emotions, desires, or problems from conscious mind
    • Sarcasm: Use of words that have the opposite meaning, especially to be funny, insulting, or irritating
    • Sublimation: Rechanneling unacceptable urges or drives into something constructive or socially acceptable

    Depression

    • Depression screenings help healthcare providers evaluate symptoms and decide on treatment options
    • Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (e.g., antidepressants)
    • Lifestyle modifications, such as regular physical activity, sufficient rest, and a nutritious diet, can also yield beneficial outcomes
    • In severe cases, hospitalization or intensive outpatient programs may be necessary

    Anxiety

    • Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and uncontrollable fear or worry that disrupts daily functioning
    • Disorders can take different forms, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias
    • Symptoms include enduring and excessive concern, unease, tiredness, trouble focusing, irritability, muscle strain, and disruptions in sleep patterns
    • Panic attacks are prevalent in certain anxiety disorders
    • Screening instruments, such as the GAD-7, are used to evaluate symptoms and inform treatment decisions
    • Treatment typically involves psychotherapy (specifically cognitive-behavioral therapy) and may include medication and relaxation techniques

    ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

    • ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by enduring patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that hinder functioning or development
    • Symptoms include challenges in maintaining attention, excessive restlessness or fidgeting, impulsivity, difficulties in task organization, forgetfulness, and excessive verbal communication
    • Screening entails thorough assessments conducted by healthcare professionals, which include evaluating symptoms, developmental background, and functional limitations
    • Rating scales, such as the ADHD Rating Scale-5 (ADHD-RS-5), are frequently employed to aid in the diagnosis and planning of treatment
    • Treatment typically involves a blend of pharmacological interventions and behavioral therapies

    Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • PTSD is a psychiatric disorder activated by the experience or observation of a distressing event
    • Common symptoms include intrusive memories, nightmares, flashbacks, intense emotional distress, avoidance of stimuli related to the traumatic event, and heightened arousal

    Communications & Accommodations

    • Effective communication reduces anxiety and empowers patients to make well-informed healthcare decisions
    • Medical assistants can make a substantial impact on patient outcomes and overall well-being by proactively and compassionately addressing environmental and socioeconomic stressors
    • Therapeutic communication principles, such as reflecting patients' statements and offering recognition for positive changes, can encourage open communication

    Physical Disability

    • The Americans with Disabilities Act requires medical offices and facilities to provide appropriate access for patients using wheelchairs or other assistive devices
    • Medical assistants can help patients with disabilities feel at ease by organizing common areas and providing accommodating services

    Defense Mechanisms

    • Rationalization: constructing logical explanations or justifications to make feelings or behaviors appear more acceptable
    • Reaction formation: exhibiting emotions or behaviors contrary to genuine feelings
    • Regression: returning to behaviors or coping mechanisms typical of a previous stage of development
    • Repression: involuntary exclusion of distressing or undesirable thoughts, memories, or emotions from conscious awareness
    • Sarcasm: using humor to indirectly express aggression or hostility
    • Sublimation: redirecting undesirable impulses or emotions towards socially acceptable activities

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    Description

    Explore Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, a framework for understanding the challenges and tasks people face throughout their lives.

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