PPN 101 Week 5 - 7 (knowt)

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Questions and Answers

How does theory enhance nursing practice according to the provided concepts?

By eliminating the need for accountability

By enforcing standard procedures for all patients

By rendering practice more efficient and effective (correct)

By simplifying the complexities of patient care

What role does culture play in defining health and illness experiences according to the definitions provided?

Culture is a fixed set of beliefs for all individuals

Culture is solely based on historical knowledge without social influences

Culture acts as a dynamic system of meanings that shapes experiences (correct)

Culture has no impact on health definitions

What is the ultimate goal for nurses as indicated in the content regarding theory and practice?

To strictly adhere to traditional methods of care

To focus exclusively on scientific inquiry

To create a coherent foundation for integrating diverse ideas and knowledge (correct)

To ensure that Indigenous knowledge is excluded from practice

In the context of nursing scholarship's evolution, what is emphasized regarding research?

Research can validate or lead to modification of existing theories Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement 'culture is constantly in flux' imply for nursing practice?

Nurses need to adapt their understanding of culture to align with evolving norms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the integration of Indigenous Ways of Knowing into nursing practice?

It offers a unique perspective that can enrich current models Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main objectives of the Calls to Action for health as outlined by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission?

To improve health-care rights for Aboriginal people Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metrics is NOT mentioned as an indicator for closing health outcome gaps between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities?

Access to technology Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Aboriginal health does the Truth and Reconciliation Commission specifically call for recognition and respect?

Distinct health needs of Métis, Inuit, and off-reserve Aboriginal peoples Signup and view all the answers

What is intended by the statement to treat problems as practice problems rather than individual problems?

To view issues as systemic and address them collectively Signup and view all the answers

What type of support is suggested for Aboriginal healing centres in the Calls to Action?

Sustainable funding for physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health Signup and view all the answers

Which principle underlies the approach to promote practices that are appropriate for marginalized groups?

Access to information for individuals regardless of literacy level Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of Jordan's Principle in the context of health care and social services for First Nations children?

To prioritize the child’s health needs over funding disputes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a goal related to enhancing the healthcare system for Aboriginal communities?

Eliminating collaboration with Aboriginal elders Signup and view all the answers

Which topic should medical and nursing schools include in their curriculum according to the recommendations made?

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Signup and view all the answers

How does structural racism manifest in the healthcare system as per the information provided?

Through policies that create chronic substandard health outcomes for Indigenous peoples Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills is emphasized as necessary for healthcare providers working with Aboriginal populations?

Intercultural competency and conflict resolution Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the training expected for healthcare professionals to address Aboriginal health issues?

Incorporation of anti-racism and human rights education Signup and view all the answers

What does the call for increased recruitment of Aboriginal professionals in healthcare aim to achieve?

To ensure representation and improve cultural competency Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario does Jordan’s Principle apply?

When there is a dispute over funding responsibilities for a child's services Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary purpose of the curriculum in residential schools?

To assimilate children into Euro-Christian culture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the conditions in residential schools?

Overcrowding and inadequate provisions Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the long-term effects of trauma across generations in Indigenous communities?

Intergenerational trauma Signup and view all the answers

What has the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) highlighted regarding the experiences of Indigenous children?

Horrific abuses endured within residential schools Signup and view all the answers

What impact has the legacy of residential schools had on health amongst Indigenous populations?

Higher rates of chronic diseases and mental health issues Signup and view all the answers

How has the suppression of Indigenous cultures affected identification among Indigenous peoples?

It has led to a loss of cultural identity and connection Signup and view all the answers

What factor has contributed to the distrust of institutions among Indigenous populations?

Legacy of abuse and neglect in residential schools Signup and view all the answers

What was a predominant form of abuse reported in the testimonies collected by the TRC?

Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT accurately reflect the nature of residential schools?

Schools aimed to promote Indigenous languages Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major findings of the TRC regarding the impact of the residential school system?

Long-term trauma affecting generations Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cultural awareness from cultural safety?

Cultural awareness is the first step towards understanding differences. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is NOT a component of cultural humility?

Rigid adherence to cultural norms Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary outcome of achieving cultural safety in healthcare?

Defining safe care as articulated by clients. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates cultural sensitivity?

Recognizing and respecting cultural differences in communication. Signup and view all the answers

How can cultural safety impact power relations in healthcare?

By challenging unequal power dynamics at multiple societal levels. Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would cultural competence be insufficient?

When engaging in cultural humility. Signup and view all the answers

What quality is most essential for practitioners demonstrating cultural humility?

Flexibility in understanding cultural nuances. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts directly challenges personal biases in healthcare?

Cultural safety Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant legacy of the residential school system on Indigenous communities?

Creation of intergenerational trauma Signup and view all the answers

Which approach combines Western healthcare knowledge with Indigenous knowledge for better health outcomes?

Two-Eyed Seeing Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT part of the FIRST approach to enhancing cultural safety?

Research Signup and view all the answers

What critical aspect should healthcare providers practice to create a culturally safe environment for Indigenous patients?

Building trust and respect Signup and view all the answers

What approach is highlighted for addressing the specific health disparities faced by Indigenous peoples?

Trauma-Informed Care Signup and view all the answers

What does the Truth and Reconciliation Commission identify as crucial for providing care to Indigenous peoples?

Culturally safe care Signup and view all the answers

Which practice should healthcare providers avoid to enhance the cultural safety of their services?

Making assumptions about patients' needs Signup and view all the answers

How does systemic racism affect Indigenous peoples' health as highlighted by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission?

It contributes significantly to health disparities. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept addresses the historical context and power imbalances that affect healthcare experiences?

Cultural safety Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of cultural competence in healthcare?

Developing practitioners' skills and knowledge for working with Indigenous clients Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a social determinant of health?

Personal beliefs Signup and view all the answers

How do experiences of historical trauma impact the health of specific groups?

They contribute to inequalities faced by certain populations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cultural sensitivity?

An understanding of differences between cultures and their importance Signup and view all the answers

Which social determinant is related to an individual's ranking in society affecting their health outcomes?

Income and social status Signup and view all the answers

What role does education play in social determinants of health?

It enhances health literacy and access to resources. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a broader determinant of health that includes social and economic factors?

Social networks and social supports Signup and view all the answers

Which assumption highlights the potential for future growth in an individual through caring?

Caring responses accept a person not only as they are now but as what they may become. Signup and view all the answers

Which carative factor emphasizes the importance of building trust within the nurse-patient relationship?

Developing a helping-trust relationship. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes middle-range theory from grand theory in nursing?

It is less abstract and more focused on specific, testable outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is essential for developing cultural competence in nursing?

Working within the client's cultural context. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes practice theory in the nursing context?

It is very specific and limited to particular situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carative factors involves promoting a supportive environment for the patient?

Promoting a supportive environment. Signup and view all the answers

What core idea underlies the concept of cultural safety in nursing?

Ensuring that healthcare practices are respectful and supportive of diverse cultural needs. Signup and view all the answers

Which carative factor emphasizes the importance of educating patients about their health?

Promoting teaching-learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of creating space for patients to express their spiritual needs in nursing care for Indigenous patients?

It respects and acknowledges the cultural importance of spiritual practices. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes the integration of both Indigenous knowledge and Western healthcare practices?

Two-Eyed Seeing Signup and view all the answers

What principle underlies the importance of understanding the diversity within Indigenous populations in nursing?

Recognition of individual differences and cultural richness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles highlights the need for nurses to reflect on their own biases regarding Indigenous cultures?

Cultural Competence Signup and view all the answers

What does the consideration of social determinants of health entail in relation to Indigenous peoples?

Addressing historical and ongoing effects of colonialism and racism Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Indigenous ways of knowing is essential for effective nursing care?

Collaboration with Elders and knowledge keepers Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for nurses to approach each Indigenous patient as an individual?

To avoid misunderstandings and address unique health needs Signup and view all the answers

What does holistic care encompass in the context of Indigenous health?

Incorporating mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions alongside physical health Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing theory emphasizes the interaction between a person and their changing environment?

Roy Adaptation Model Signup and view all the answers

Florence Nightingale contributed to nursing by establishing which key principle?

Utilizing phenomenological focus on health Signup and view all the answers

Sister Callista Roy's model of adaptation encompasses how many modes of adaptation?

Four Signup and view all the answers

Which concept did Madeleine Leininger emphasize when delivering nursing care?

Cultural sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What foundational focus was primarily established by Florence Nightingale's work?

Environmental factors contributing to health Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing according to Sister Callista Roy's theory?

To facilitate adaptation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nursing theory, which of the following is a defining characteristic of the metaparadigm of nursing?

The relationship between person, environment, health, and nursing Signup and view all the answers

What role does nursing theory play in the overall practice of nursing?

It helps in organizing thoughts, reflections, and observations. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered essential for achieving cultural safety in healthcare for Indigenous patients?

A deep awareness of historical trauma and its effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following addresses the need for Indigenous representation within the healthcare workforce?

Providing incentives for Indigenous students to pursue healthcare careers Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge in reconciling Indigenous and non-Indigenous health perspectives?

Systems that perpetuate inequality and injustice Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect emphasized in the TRC Calls to Action for Health in relation to Indigenous knowledge?

To incorporate Indigenous perspectives in healthcare policy-making Signup and view all the answers

Which key factor is crucial for improving health outcomes among Indigenous populations as per reconciliation efforts?

Promoting mutual understanding and respect between cultures Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the residential school system in Canada concerning Indigenous children?

To assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Christian Canadian society Signup and view all the answers

Which countries opposed the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples when it was adopted in 2007?

Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and United States Signup and view all the answers

How has the Truth and Reconciliation Commission characterized the residential school system?

As cultural genocide Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the means used by residential schools to achieve their primary goal?

Forced removal of children from their families and communities Signup and view all the answers

When did Canada officially endorse the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples?

2016 Signup and view all the answers

What does UNDRIP aim to elaborate on regarding Indigenous peoples?

Human rights standards and fundamental freedoms Signup and view all the answers

What long-term impact has the residential school system had on survivors?

Profound and lasting harm to communities Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is closely tied to the distrust of institutions among Indigenous populations?

The historical trauma from residential schools Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of theory in nursing practice?

To facilitate the integration of diverse knowledge Signup and view all the answers

How does culture serve as a framework in healthcare according to the provided concepts?

Culture shapes how individuals understand health and illness Signup and view all the answers

What challenge must nurses address regarding Indigenous Ways of Knowing?

They should integrate these ways of knowing into existing practice models. Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect should nursing scholarship focus on to enhance theoretical clarity?

Broadening the understanding of diverse health complexities Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'culture being constantly in flux' for nursing practice?

Nurses must adapt to evolving cultural meanings and practices. Signup and view all the answers

How do theory and practice interplay in nursing scholarship?

Theory guides practice and informs research methodology. Signup and view all the answers

What does the integration of diverse ideas and forms of knowledge in nursing practice aim to achieve?

A more effective response to complex health issues. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the relational nature of culture in healthcare?

Culture involves continuous interaction between people. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the Calls to Action for health outlined by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission?

To recognize and address the health disparities experienced by Aboriginal peoples. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the specific health indicators emphasized for addressing the health needs of Aboriginal peoples?

Life expectancy Signup and view all the answers

To forward the reconciliation process, which action does the Truth and Reconciliation Commission specifically call for in relation to Aboriginal healing centres?

To provide sustainable funding for existing and new centres. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of defining problems as practice problems rather than individual problems in healthcare?

It promotes understanding health issues as systemic and collective challenges. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a barrier to achieving the Calls to Action for health for Indigenous communities?

Overfunding of health services in urban areas Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the Call to Action regarding the health-care rights of Aboriginal people?

They should be recognized in alignment with international and constitutional law. Signup and view all the answers

In addressing the health disparities among Indigenous populations, what is a meaningful goal stated in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Calls to Action?

Establish measurable goals to close health outcome gaps. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized in the Calls to Action regarding the distinct health needs of Aboriginal peoples?

Acknowledgment of the unique health challenges faced by Métis, Inuit, and off-reserve Aboriginal peoples. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI)

Promote accommodating and inclusive practices for marginalized individuals, by providing easier to understand information such as signs and brochures tailored for low literacy individuals.
Address issues as systemic problems instead of focusing on individual shortcomings, such as referring to “difficult patients”.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC)

The TRC calls for action in various areas to address the legacy of residential schools and advance reconciliation in Canada.
Calls to Action for Health:
- Recognize and implement the healthcare rights of Indigenous people as outlined in international and constitutional law, and treaties.
- Establish measurable goals to close the gap in health outcomes between Indigenous And non-Indigenous communities by addressing:
  - Infant mortality
  - Maternal health
  - Suicide
  - Mental health
  - Addictions
  - Life expectancy
  - Birth rates
  - Infant and child health issues
  - Chronic diseases
  - Illness and injury incidence
  - Availability of appropriate health services
- Recognize, respect, and address the distinct health needs of Métis, Inuit, and off-reserve Aboriginal peoples.
- Provide sustainable funding for existing and new Indigenous healing centers.
- Recognize and integrate Indigenous healing practices into treatment plans.
- Increase the number of Indigenous healthcare professionals and ensure their retention in Indigenous communities.
- Provide cultural competency training for all healthcare professionals.
- Require medical and nursing schools to include a course on Aboriginal health issues, covering:
  - History and legacy of residential schools
  - United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
  - Treaties and Aboriginal rights
  - Indigenous teachings and practices
- Include skills-based training in intercultural competency, conflict resolution, human rights, and anti-racism.

Structural Racism

A normalized, systematic approach to practices and policies that consistently results in poor outcomes for Indigenous people.
Can manifest in healthcare systems through:
- Funding and delivery of healthcare (Jordan's Principle)
- Suppression of Indigenous languages and cultures
- Indoctrination into Euro-Christian culture

Jordan's Principle

A child-first approach to funding and delivering healthcare and social services for First Nations children.
Ensures that when there is a disagreement between federal and provincial government, the child's needs are met first, and financial issues are resolved later.
Provides culturally appropriate and timely services without delay or disruption.

The Horrors of Residential Schools

The TRC collected over 6,000 testimonies from survivors, revealing extensive physical, sexual, and emotional abuse within residential schools.
Appalling conditions, including overcrowding, inadequate food and healthcare, rampant neglect, and a shockingly high death rate contributed to the suffering of children.

The Legacy of Trauma

The trauma inflicted by residential schools continues to affect generations of Indigenous families and communities.
Impacts include:
- Intergenerational Trauma
- Loss of Identity and Culture
- Health Disparities
- Distrust of Institutions

Theory to Practice

Theory guides assessments, nursing diagnoses, and nursing actions, rendering practice more efficient and effective.
Provides a common language, articulates nursing practice, enhances professional autonomy and accountability, and guides research.

Cultural Context of Health and Illness

Culture is the context in which groups interpret and define their life experiences.
It is a dynamic relational process that continuously evolves and is shaped by history, social factors, politics, economics, physical environment, and language.

Indigenous People and Health

Health is a multi-faceted concept related to quality of life, individual definition, and dynamic interaction with the environment.
Individuals, families, groups, communities, and society share responsibility for health.

Definition of Indigenous

People who identify as Indigenous and are recognized and accepted by their community.
Demonstrate historical continuity with pre-colonial societies.
Have strong links to territories and natural resources.
Maintain distinct social, economic, or political systems.
Maintain distinct languages, cultures, and beliefs.
Form non-dominant groups in society.
Resolve to maintain and reproduce their ancestral environments and systems.

Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring

Caring can be demonstrated and practiced interpersonally.
Caring includes carative factors that result in the satisfaction of human needs.
Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth.
Caring responses accept a person as they are now and what they may become.
Nurturing sensitivity to self and others promotes health.
Caring is central to the practice of nursing.
Caring promotes health better than curing.

10 Carative Factors:

Forming humanistic-altruistic value systems.
Instilling faith-hope.
Cultivating sensitivity to self and others.
Developing a helping-trust relationship.
Promoting an expression of feelings.
Using problem-solving for decision-making.
Promoting teaching-learning.
Promoting a supportive environment.
Assisting with the gratification of human needs.
Allowing for existential-phenomenological forces.

Types of Theories

Grand Theory: Provides a global perspective on nursing practice, education, and research.
Middle-range Theory: Less abstract than grand theory, testable, and specific. It links research with practice.
Practice Theory: Very specific and limited to specific situations, reflecting the day-to-day experience of nurses.

Cultural Competence, Cultural Humility, and Cultural Safety

Cultural Competence: An ongoing process where nurses strive to work within the client's cultural context.
Nurses develop cultural competence over time and do not possess it.
Cultural Humility: Key idea that cultural awareness and sensitivity are separate concepts and not interchangeable with cultural safety.
Achieving cultural safety is a step-wise progression.
Cultural Sensitivity: The recognition that there are differences between cultures, and these are reflected in communication and relationships.
Cultural Awareness: A beginning step towards understanding difference, requiring self-assessment and reflection about personal biases and feelings.
Cultural Safety: Safe care is defined by those who receive it, and it challenges unequal power relations at different levels.
Cultural Humility: The ability to acknowledge your own cultural biases and limitations, and to approach care with humility and respect for the patient's cultural perspective. It involves ongoing self-reflection and learning.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC)

The TRC highlighted the devastating impacts of residential schools on Indigenous communities.
Residential schools aimed to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Christian Canadian society.
This history of trauma and marginalization has significantly impacted the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples.

How to Practice Cultural Safety

Nurses need to adopt a trauma-informed approach that acknowledges the historical and ongoing experiences of Indigenous peoples.
Building trust and respect are essential for creating a safe and welcoming environment for Indigenous patients.
Active listening and open communication are crucial for understanding the unique needs and perspectives of each individual.
Healthcare providers should avoid making assumptions and involve patients in their care decisions.

The FIRST Approach for Enhancing Cultural Safety

Family: Recognize the importance of family in Indigenous cultures.
Information: Provide clear and accessible information to patients.
Relationship: Build trusting relationships with patients.
Safe Space: Create a safe and welcoming environment.
Treatment: Ensure that treatment plans are culturally appropriate and responsive to the patient's needs.

Two-Eyed Seeing

Two-Eyed Seeing combines Western healthcare knowledge with Indigenous knowledge.
This approach recognizes the strengths of both knowledge systems and aims to find a balance that meets the unique needs of Indigenous patients.

Understanding the Diversity of Indigenous Cultures

Different Indigenous groups have their own interpretations, beliefs, worldviews, and theories of health.
Nurses must approach each patient as an individual, avoiding generalizations.

Working in Balance with Indigenous Ways of Knowing

Caring for Indigenous peoples necessitates collaboration and balance with Indigenous ways of knowing.
This includes incorporating traditional healing practices, collaborating with Elders and knowledge keepers, and acknowledging the importance of community-based approaches to health and well-being.

Nurses must understand the social determinants of health through an Indigenous lens.
Address the historical and ongoing impacts of colonialism and racism, which have resulted in significant health disparities for Indigenous peoples.
Advocate for equitable access to healthcare, education, housing, and economic opportunities.

Fundamental Aspects of Nursing Practice Tailored to Indigenous Peoples

Holistic Care: Recognizing that health encompasses physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions.
Cultural Competence: Nurses need to develop an understanding and respect for Indigenous cultures, histories, and traditions.
Cultural Awareness: An attitude that includes awareness of the differences between cultures.
Cultural Sensitivity: An attitude that recognizes differences between cultures and acknowledges their importance.
Cultural Safety: An approach that considers social, historical, and structural contexts and power imbalances that shape health and healthcare experiences.

Social determinants of health refer to social and economic factors related to an individual's place in society, including income, education, and employment.
Discrimination, racism, and historical trauma are important social determinants of health for specific groups like Indigenous Peoples, LGBTQ+ individuals, and Black Canadians.
List of social determinants of health:
- Income and social status.
- Employment and working conditions.
- Education and literacy.
- Childhood experiences.
- Physical environments.
- Social supports and coping skills.
- Healthy behaviors.
- Access to health services.
- Biology and genetic endowment.
- Gender.
- Culture.

History & Importance of Nursing Theory Development

Nursing theories provide frameworks for nursing practice by organizing thoughts, reflections, and observations.
They serve as lenses that shape understanding and guide assessments, diagnoses and nursing actions.
Disciplines rely on theories to illuminate their unique perspectives, like the metaparadigm of nursing, ways of knowing, etc.

Florence Nightingale’s Contribution to Nursing

Nightingale’s work paved the way for scientific advancement in Western nursing.
She defined nursing as “putting the person in the best condition for nature to act,” emphasizing the human-environment relationship to health.
Her “Notes on Nursing” described conditions necessary for health and healing influenced by her Crimean War observations.
She was a systematic thinker and pioneered data visualization in statistics, known for her environmental theory.

Sister Callista Roy's Contribution to Nursing

Roy developed the Adaptation Model, building upon Systems Theory.
Her model includes four modes of adaptation: physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependence.
Roy believed the goal of nursing was to facilitate adaptation.

Madeleine Leininger’s Contribution to Nursing

Leininger developed a culture care theory within transcultural nursing.
Her theory emphasizes cultural sensitivity and recognizing patients' values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
Leininger encouraged nurses to acknowledge the significance of culture in care delivery.
Her work highlights the intersection of culture and social determinants of health.

EDI Statement in Student Handbook

The EDI statement addresses diversity, equity, and inclusion.
It aims to promote an equitable and inclusive learning environment for all students.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission Calls to Action for Health

The TRC seeks to redress the legacy of residential schools and advance reconciliation in Canada.
It addresses issues in child welfare, education, language & culture, and justice, including health.
The Calls to Action for health aim to recognize and implement Aboriginal peoples’ healthcare rights.
They aim to close gaps in health outcomes between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities by focusing on indicators like infant mortality, maternal health, suicide, etc.
The Calls to Action acknowledge the distinct health needs of Métis, Inuit, and off-reserve Aboriginal peoples.
They emphasize the need for sustainable funding to address the harms caused by residential schools.

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

UNDRIP provides a framework for the survival, dignity, and well-being of indigenous peoples globally.
It expands on existing human rights standards for indigenous peoples.
Canada initially opposed UNDRIP in 2007 but officially endorsed it in 2016.

Understanding the History of Residential Schools

Residential schools in Canada represent a dark chapter in the nation's history.
They aimed to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Christian Canadian society, causing significant harm to Indigenous communities.
The TRC described the system as "cultural genocide."
The main goal of residential schools was to sever ties between Indigenous children and their families and cultures.
Children were forcefully removed from their homes and placed in schools often far from their families.
The TRC issued Calls to Action to address the legacy of residential schools and promote reconciliation.

Cultural Safety in Healthcare

Understanding the history and legacy of residential schools is crucial for delivering culturally safe care to Indigenous patients.
Healthcare providers should approach Indigenous patients with sensitivity, respect, and awareness of the historical trauma.
The TRC's Calls to Action for Health highlight the need for cultural competency training, increasing Indigenous healthcare professionals, and recognizing Indigenous health practices.

Reconciliation

Reconciliation involves acknowledging the past, addressing the impacts of colonization and racism, and working towards a future of mutual respect and understanding.
It requires Canadians to engage in dismantling systems that perpetuate inequality and injustice.

Theory to Practice

Nursing theory guides assessments, nursing diagnoses, and nursing actions.
It enhances efficiency, effectiveness, and facilitates common language.
It enhances professional autonomy and accountability.
It guides research by helping nurses formulate research questions, and validate or modify existing theories

Cultural Context of Health and Illness

Culture provides a context for groups of people to interpret and define their life experiences.
It is a system of meaning that helps people understand their experiences.
Culture is a dynamic process, shaped by history, social, political, economic, physical, and linguistic structures.
Culture is relational, meaning we continuously participate in and create it while it evolves.

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