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Questions and Answers
What is a common cause of urinary incontinence in horses?
What is a common cause of urinary incontinence in horses?
How do horses with psychogenic polydipsia respond to water deprivation?
How do horses with psychogenic polydipsia respond to water deprivation?
What is a rare cause of psychogenic polydipsia in horses?
What is a rare cause of psychogenic polydipsia in horses?
What is a common goal in understanding urinary tract infections in horses?
What is a common goal in understanding urinary tract infections in horses?
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What are the 3 general categories in which AKI may be classified?
What are the 3 general categories in which AKI may be classified?
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What is the driving force for glomerular filtration?
What is the driving force for glomerular filtration?
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What is the underlying pathophysiology of both acute and chronic renal failure?
What is the underlying pathophysiology of both acute and chronic renal failure?
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What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?
What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?
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What is anuria defined as?
What is anuria defined as?
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What are the etiologies of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the etiologies of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
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What is the potential severe renal adverse effect associated with acute massive overdose or chronic long-term use of NSAIDs?
What is the potential severe renal adverse effect associated with acute massive overdose or chronic long-term use of NSAIDs?
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What physical examination findings are associated with acute kidney injury?
What physical examination findings are associated with acute kidney injury?
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What diagnostic tests are used for AKI?
What diagnostic tests are used for AKI?
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What is the treatment for AKI based on?
What is the treatment for AKI based on?
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What are some symptoms of urolithiasis in horses?
What are some symptoms of urolithiasis in horses?
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What is the only effective treatment for urolithiasis in horses?
What is the only effective treatment for urolithiasis in horses?
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What causes sabulous bladder incontinence in horses?
What causes sabulous bladder incontinence in horses?
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What is the treatment for sabulous cystitis in horses?
What is the treatment for sabulous cystitis in horses?
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What may improve urinary incontinence in mares with hypoestrogenism?
What may improve urinary incontinence in mares with hypoestrogenism?
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What does PU/PD in horses indicate?
What does PU/PD in horses indicate?
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What conditions may cause PU/PD in horses?
What conditions may cause PU/PD in horses?
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How is PU/PD diagnosed in horses?
How is PU/PD diagnosed in horses?
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What are some symptoms of PU/PD in horses?
What are some symptoms of PU/PD in horses?
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What is the primary goal of treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the primary goal of treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI)?
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What is the recommended initial intravenous (IV) fluid rate for AKI treatment?
What is the recommended initial intravenous (IV) fluid rate for AKI treatment?
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What is the role of furosemide in converting oliguric AKI to nonoliguric AKI?
What is the role of furosemide in converting oliguric AKI to nonoliguric AKI?
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What is a helpful diagnostic clue in distinguishing prerenal from intrinsic renal disease?
What is a helpful diagnostic clue in distinguishing prerenal from intrinsic renal disease?
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What is the hallmark of intrinsic acute kidney injury?
What is the hallmark of intrinsic acute kidney injury?
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What is the physiological hallmark of ATN?
What is the physiological hallmark of ATN?
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What results in obstructive uropathy or postrenal AKI?
What results in obstructive uropathy or postrenal AKI?
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What may not be apparent in the serum creatinine level with unilateral obstruction?
What may not be apparent in the serum creatinine level with unilateral obstruction?
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What is a diagnostic clue in distinguishing prerenal from intrinsic renal disease?
What is a diagnostic clue in distinguishing prerenal from intrinsic renal disease?
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What is the physiological response to pharmacologic doses of vasopressin in ATN?
What is the physiological response to pharmacologic doses of vasopressin in ATN?
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What is the primary goal of treatment for postrenal AKI?
What is the primary goal of treatment for postrenal AKI?
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What is a common cause of postrenal AKI?
What is a common cause of postrenal AKI?
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What is the recommended initial intravenous (IV) fluid rate for AKI treatment?
What is the recommended initial intravenous (IV) fluid rate for AKI treatment?
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What is the primary goal of treatment for postrenal AKI?
What is the primary goal of treatment for postrenal AKI?
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What is the hallmark of intrinsic acute kidney injury?
What is the hallmark of intrinsic acute kidney injury?
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What may not be apparent in the serum creatinine level with unilateral obstruction?
What may not be apparent in the serum creatinine level with unilateral obstruction?
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What causes sabulous bladder incontinence in horses?
What causes sabulous bladder incontinence in horses?
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What is a rare cause of psychogenic polydipsia in horses?
What is a rare cause of psychogenic polydipsia in horses?
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What is the driving force for glomerular filtration?
What is the driving force for glomerular filtration?
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What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?
What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?
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What is the primary location of the lesion associated with urinary calculi in male farm animals?
What is the primary location of the lesion associated with urinary calculi in male farm animals?
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Which of the following is a common causative agent of ascending urinary tract infections in farm animals?
Which of the following is a common causative agent of ascending urinary tract infections in farm animals?
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What is the primary treatment for leptospirosis in farm animals?
What is the primary treatment for leptospirosis in farm animals?
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What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism leading to the formation of urinary calculi in farm animals?
What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism leading to the formation of urinary calculi in farm animals?
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What is a characteristic clinical pathology finding associated with urinary calculi in farm animals?
What is a characteristic clinical pathology finding associated with urinary calculi in farm animals?
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What is a potential consequence of unsuccessful urethral catheterization in farm animals with urinary calculi?
What is a potential consequence of unsuccessful urethral catheterization in farm animals with urinary calculi?
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What is a potential outcome of leptospirosis in calves?
What is a potential outcome of leptospirosis in calves?
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What is a characteristic symptom of urolithiasis in farm animals?
What is a characteristic symptom of urolithiasis in farm animals?
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What is the primary fluid/electrolyte loss in a cow with rumen acidosis?
What is the primary fluid/electrolyte loss in a cow with rumen acidosis?
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What is the primary concern in a 4-hour-old goat kid with metabolic complications of dystocia?
What is the primary concern in a 4-hour-old goat kid with metabolic complications of dystocia?
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What is the primary clinical abnormality in a 9-year-old Shorthorn with 'choke'?
What is the primary clinical abnormality in a 9-year-old Shorthorn with 'choke'?
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What is the primary electrolyte abnormality in a 3-year-old Holstein cow with suspected RDA?
What is the primary electrolyte abnormality in a 3-year-old Holstein cow with suspected RDA?
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What is the primary electrolyte abnormality in a 3-year-old Holstein cow with suspected RDA?
What is the primary electrolyte abnormality in a 3-year-old Holstein cow with suspected RDA?
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What is the primary fluid/electrolyte loss in a cow with rumen acidosis?
What is the primary fluid/electrolyte loss in a cow with rumen acidosis?
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What is the driving force for glomerular filtration?
What is the driving force for glomerular filtration?
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What is the primary concern in a 4-hour-old goat kid with metabolic complications of dystocia?
What is the primary concern in a 4-hour-old goat kid with metabolic complications of dystocia?
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What is the most common type of calculi found in equine urinary tract?
What is the most common type of calculi found in equine urinary tract?
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What is the primary electrolyte abnormality in a horse with suspected urinary tract obstruction?
What is the primary electrolyte abnormality in a horse with suspected urinary tract obstruction?
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Which gender of horses is more commonly affected by bladder calculi?
Which gender of horses is more commonly affected by bladder calculi?
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What is the most appropriate suture material for urinary tract surgery in horses?
What is the most appropriate suture material for urinary tract surgery in horses?
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Which surgical approach for bladder stone removal eliminates the need to reflect the prepuce?
Which surgical approach for bladder stone removal eliminates the need to reflect the prepuce?
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What is a potential complication of urolithiasis?
What is a potential complication of urolithiasis?
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What is the primary goal of post-operative care to prevent recurrence of bladder stones?
What is the primary goal of post-operative care to prevent recurrence of bladder stones?
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Which method can be used for stone fragmentation in bladder stone removal?
Which method can be used for stone fragmentation in bladder stone removal?
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What is the surgical procedure for temporary urine diversion and access to bladder stones?
What is the surgical procedure for temporary urine diversion and access to bladder stones?
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What can cause urethral obstruction in farm animals?
What can cause urethral obstruction in farm animals?
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What are the surgical options for urolithiasis?
What are the surgical options for urolithiasis?
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What is a potential cause of PU/PD in horses?
What is a potential cause of PU/PD in horses?
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What can be used for medical or surgical management in foals with specific conditions?
What can be used for medical or surgical management in foals with specific conditions?
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What is a potential complication of unsuccessful urethral catheterization in farm animals with urinary calculi?
What is a potential complication of unsuccessful urethral catheterization in farm animals with urinary calculi?
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What is a potential surgical treatment for infected umbilicus in foals?
What is a potential surgical treatment for infected umbilicus in foals?
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What is a potential cause of obstructive uropathy in farm animals?
What is a potential cause of obstructive uropathy in farm animals?
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Study Notes
Equine Urological Disorders: Urolithiasis, Sabulous Bladder, and PU/PD
- Urolithiasis is influenced by factors such as urine pH, diet, and water intake, contributing to the formation of carbonate calculi due to increased alkalinity and urine solute concentration.
- All horse breeds and sexes are equally susceptible to developing calculi, with mares showing large calculi before symptoms appear, often concurrent with cystitis.
- Symptoms of urolithiasis include frequent urination, straining, dribbling of urine, mild recurrent colic, loss of condition, and stilted gait, with potential acute obstruction of urine flow in males.
- Diagnosis of cystic calculi involves urine analysis, rectal examination, urinary catheter passage, bladder ultrasound, and urinary tract endoscopy.
- Surgical removal is the only effective treatment for urolithiasis, with the approach and type of surgery determined by stone size and patient sex, sometimes requiring concurrent cystitis treatment.
- Sabulous bladder incontinence is caused by neurologic dysfunction, leading to urine dribbling due to the absence of effective detrusor contraction.
- Sabulous cystitis, caused by bladder paralysis, results in sandy sediment deposition, contributing to inflammation and irritation of the bladder mucosal lining.
- Treatment of sabulous cystitis involves bladder lavage, systemic antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and urine acidification, with pharmacologic interventions such as phenazopyridine, bethanechol, and phenoxybenzamine.
- Estrogen administration may improve urinary incontinence in mares with hypoestrogenism.
- Polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) in horses indicates a failure of normal water balance mechanisms, caused by various conditions such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and others.
- Diagnosing PU/PD involves ruling out conditions like diarrhea, acute renal failure, and high salt diet, and conducting clinical examinations, renal function tests, and water deprivation tests.
- Causes of PU/PD in horses include psychogenic polydipsia, diabetes insipidus, and syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, with symptoms such as excessive weight gain and hyponatremia, which usually resolves with appropriate fluid restriction.
Bladder Stone Surgical Approaches and Procedures
- Surgical approaches for bladder stone removal include caudoventral midline, paramedian with reflection of prepuce, and parainguinal.
- The parainguinal approach eliminates the need to reflect the prepuce and allows for determining the optimal size and location of the incision.
- Surgical procedures for bladder stone removal involve gentle steady traction on the bladder and distending it with lidocaine and warm saline.
- Transurethral removal of bladder stones can be done in mares by dilating the urethra and removing the stone, while geldings may require perineal urethrotomy.
- Different methods of lithotripsy, such as pneumatic, mallet and osteotome, and laser lithotripsy, can be used for stone fragmentation.
- Perineal urethrotomy is performed for temporary urine diversion and access to bladder stones, typically healing in 3 weeks, and is done under standing sedation and caudal epidural.
- Urolithiasis complications may include peritonitis, midline incisional complications, stricture, hemorrhage, and urine scald.
- Post-operatively, promoting diuresis and reducing calcium intake can help prevent recurrence of bladder stones.
- Urethral obstruction can be caused by neoplasia, parasitic granuloma, and urolithiasis, and alpha 2 agonists should be avoided.
- Diagnostics for urolithiasis include physical exam findings, serum biochemistry, and clinical signs such as renal colic and frequent posturing to urinate.
- Surgical options for urolithiasis include urethrorrhexis, phallectomy, distal urethrotomy, and perineal urethrotomy.
- In foals, conditions such as patent urachus and infected umbilicus may require medical or surgical management, with cystoplasty being a potential surgical treatment for infected umbilicus.
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Description
Test your knowledge of equine urological disorders with this quiz. Explore urolithiasis, sabulous bladder, and polyuria/polydipsia in horses, including their symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. See how well you understand these important equine health issues.
