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Questions and Answers
Which of the following fungi is primarily responsible for guttural pouch mycosis?
Guttural pouch mycosis can lead to fatal hemorrhage.
True
What is equine dermatophytosis commonly known as?
Ringworm
The genus of fungi primarily responsible for Aspergillosis is ______.
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What is a mycetoma?
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Which Aspergillus species is largely responsible for the increased incidence of invasive aspergillosis?
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The incubation period for mycotic lesions in horses is 2-4 days post-infection.
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What is the common clinical sign presented by horses suffering from guttural pouch mycosis?
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What laboratory methods support the diagnosis of guttural pouch mycosis?
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In invasive mycoses, fungal pathogens often occur in ______ settings.
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Study Notes
Equine Mycotic Diseases
- Opportunistic fungi commonly affect immunocompromised hosts
- Predominant sites of infection: skin, respiratory tract, and guttural pouches
- Guttural pouch mycosis can lead to fatal haemorrhage
- Dermatophytes isolated from animals, zoophilic species responsible for most cases: Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton equinum, Trichophyton verrucosum, and Microsporum gypseum
- T.equinum is the most prevalent dermatophyte
- Equine dermatophytosis is also known as "ringworm" and has public health significance
Aspergillosis (Guttural Pouch Mycosis)
- A fungal infection caused by several Aspergillus species
- Primarily a respiratory infection, but can become generalized
- Found worldwide in domestic and wild animals but susceptibility varies
- Aspergillus fumigatus is responsible for increased invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals
- A. fumigatus is the dominant organism in guttural pouches, along with A. versicolor, A. nidulans, and A. niger
Epidemiology
- Emericella nidulans from bedding materials has also been associated with guttural pouch mycosis
Pathophysiology
- Invasive mycoses are difficult to diagnose and treat
- Many fungal pathogens are opportunistic, primarily infecting immunocompromised hosts
- Mycotic lesions observed in normal horses within 2-4 days after inoculation with A. fumigatus followed by corticosteroid administration
- Spontaneous regression observed within 15-28 days in the experimental infection model
Clinical Presentation
- Common signs of guttural pouch mycosis include epistaxis, nasal catarrh, pharyngeal paralysis, laryngeal hemiplegia, submandibular/parotid swelling, head and neck extension, and dyspnea
- Cases with pharyngeal paralysis are typically fatal
Differential Diagnosis
- Horses with gastrointestinal diseases and unresponsive respiratory tract infections may be at risk for pulmonary aspergillosis
- Other causes of epistaxis without fever include trauma and progressive ethmoidal hematoma
Diagnosis
- Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, antigen detection, and molecular assays
- Isolation and identification of the fungus determines antifungal drug susceptibility
- A pan-dermatophyte PCR assay targets the translation elongation factor for detection of relevant dermatophytes
- Real-time PCR, MALDI-TOFMS, and nano-ESI-MS can also be used to diagnose mycotic infections
- Guttural pouch mycosis can be visualized via endoscopy
Pathology
- Microscopic examination confirms intralesional fungal organisms
- Fungi present as septate hyphae with dichotomous branching and conidia
Treatment
- Treatment typically involves surgery or medical management
- Antifungal therapy is essential and should be tailored to the specific fungal species
- Surgical approaches may be necessary for cases with significant tissue damage
- Prognosis depends on the severity of the infection and the overall health of the horse
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Description
Explore the world of equine mycotic diseases, focusing on opportunistic fungal infections in horses. This quiz covers common pathogens, the major sites of infection, and the implications for public health. Test your knowledge on guttural pouch mycosis and dermatophytosis.
