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Questions and Answers
What is the definitive diagnosis requirement for hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
What is the definitive diagnosis requirement for hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
- Presence of Cushing's disease
- Clinical signs of lethargy and loss of appetite
- Documentation of increased circulating lipids (correct)
- Gross observation of lipemia
What are the predisposing factors for hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
What are the predisposing factors for hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
- Old age, lack of sunlight, high fiber diet
- Lactation, pregnancy, decrease in available feed or appetite (correct)
- Exposure to cold weather, genetic predisposition, high sugar intake
- Excessive exercise, high protein diet, low water intake
What is the recommended treatment to recognize at-risk animals as early as possible?
What is the recommended treatment to recognize at-risk animals as early as possible?
- Administer high doses of vitamin C
- Recognize at risk animals as early as possible (correct)
- Increase protein intake
- Provide regular exercise
What is the recommended enteral nutritional support for horses with hyperlipidemia?
What is the recommended enteral nutritional support for horses with hyperlipidemia?
What is the recommended action regarding lipids when serum triglycerides are over 1000 mg/dL?
What is the recommended action regarding lipids when serum triglycerides are over 1000 mg/dL?
What is the purpose of insulin therapy in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
What is the purpose of insulin therapy in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
What is the purpose of heparin in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
What is the purpose of heparin in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
What is the recommended action regarding parenteral nutrition in horses with hyperlipidemia?
What is the recommended action regarding parenteral nutrition in horses with hyperlipidemia?
Which condition involves excessive secretion of PTH due to parathyroid adenomas, hyperplasia, or carcinoma?
Which condition involves excessive secretion of PTH due to parathyroid adenomas, hyperplasia, or carcinoma?
What can result from renal dysfunction causing phosphorus retention, hypervitaminosis D, and increased PTH?
What can result from renal dysfunction causing phosphorus retention, hypervitaminosis D, and increased PTH?
What can arise from a diet low in calcium and high in phosphorus in horses?
What can arise from a diet low in calcium and high in phosphorus in horses?
What may occur from ingestion of plants containing 1,25(OH)2D-like compounds in horses?
What may occur from ingestion of plants containing 1,25(OH)2D-like compounds in horses?
What is a paraneoplastic condition associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) in horses?
What is a paraneoplastic condition associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) in horses?
What can result from various conditions and is closely linked to calcium metabolism?
What can result from various conditions and is closely linked to calcium metabolism?
What can occur in conditions like renal failure, malignancies secreting PTHrP, and refeeding syndrome?
What can occur in conditions like renal failure, malignancies secreting PTHrP, and refeeding syndrome?
What is a sequel to the reintroduction of food in previously deprived horses, leading to widespread dysfunction of cellular processes and various clinical signs?
What is a sequel to the reintroduction of food in previously deprived horses, leading to widespread dysfunction of cellular processes and various clinical signs?
What does the text also discuss in ponies and donkeys, as well as severe hypertriglyceridemia in clinically ill horses?
What does the text also discuss in ponies and donkeys, as well as severe hypertriglyceridemia in clinically ill horses?
What are the clinical signs of hypocalcemia in horses?
What are the clinical signs of hypocalcemia in horses?
What treatment is recommended for acute hypocalcemia in horses?
What treatment is recommended for acute hypocalcemia in horses?
Which of the following is a potential cause of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in horses?
Which of the following is a potential cause of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in horses?
What are the three forms in which calcium exists in horses?
What are the three forms in which calcium exists in horses?
What may exercise-induced hypocalcemia lead to in intensively exercised horses?
What may exercise-induced hypocalcemia lead to in intensively exercised horses?
What can hypoparathyroidism in horses result in?
What can hypoparathyroidism in horses result in?
What is the recommended treatment for chronic cases of hypocalcemia in horses?
What is the recommended treatment for chronic cases of hypocalcemia in horses?
What may conditions causing ionized hypocalcemia lead to in horses?
What may conditions causing ionized hypocalcemia lead to in horses?
Which hormone regulates calcium homeostasis in horses and is secreted by the parathyroid gland?
Which hormone regulates calcium homeostasis in horses and is secreted by the parathyroid gland?
What is the fate of NEFA's taken up by hepatocytes in normal lipid metabolism?
What is the fate of NEFA's taken up by hepatocytes in normal lipid metabolism?
What stimulates LPL activity in peripheral tissues in normal lipid metabolism?
What stimulates LPL activity in peripheral tissues in normal lipid metabolism?
What leads to excessive mobilization of peripheral fat stores in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What leads to excessive mobilization of peripheral fat stores in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What interferes with insulin-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscles in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What interferes with insulin-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscles in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What condition may lead to hepatic lipidosis in horses?
What condition may lead to hepatic lipidosis in horses?
What hormone increases glucagon secretion and decreases insulin secretion in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What hormone increases glucagon secretion and decreases insulin secretion in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What leads to the buildup of VLDLs in circulation in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What leads to the buildup of VLDLs in circulation in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What may cause decreased clearance of triglycerides in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What may cause decreased clearance of triglycerides in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What may lead to the overwhelming of skeletal and cardiac muscles' capacity to utilize triglycerides in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What may lead to the overwhelming of skeletal and cardiac muscles' capacity to utilize triglycerides in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What may interfere with insulin from suppressing HSL, leading to worsening hypertriglyceridemia in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What may interfere with insulin from suppressing HSL, leading to worsening hypertriglyceridemia in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What may lead to hepatic lipidosis in horses?
What may lead to hepatic lipidosis in horses?
What may cause increased TNF-α, enhancing lipolysis and decreasing lipoprotein lipase activity in abnormal lipid metabolism?
What may cause increased TNF-α, enhancing lipolysis and decreasing lipoprotein lipase activity in abnormal lipid metabolism?
Study Notes
Equine Calcium Disorders: Causes, Clinical Signs, and Treatment
- Hypocalcemia rapidly reduces plasma triglyceride concentrations in equine and human patients
- Calcium in horses exists in free or ionized form (50%–58%), bound to proteins (40%–45%), and complexed to anions (5%–10%)
- Three major hormones regulate calcium homeostasis in horses: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Calcitonin, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Vitamin D or calcitriol)
- Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular excitability, muscle fasciculations, tremors, and tetany in horses
- Clinical signs of hypocalcemia in horses include anxiety, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle fasciculations, and tachycardia
- Hypocalcemic tetany in mares occurs 2 weeks before foaling to a few days after weaning, and in horses transported for long periods or engaged in prolonged physical activity
- Exercise-induced hypocalcemia is common in intensively exercised horses, leading to electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities
- Cantharidin toxicity from blister beetles in alfalfa hay can cause hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in horses
- Conditions causing ionized hypocalcemia may lead to ileus in horses due to the importance of extracellular Ca2+ for action potential
- Hypoparathyroidism in horses can be primary, secondary, or pseudohypoparathyroidism, resulting in clinical signs consistent with hypocalcemia
- Treatment for acute hypocalcemia in horses involves slow administration of 23% Calcium gluconate intravenously, while chronic cases may require oral calcium carbonate or dicalcium phosphate supplementation
- Hypercalcemic disorders in horses include primary hyperparathyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism, each with distinct causes and implications
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Description
Test your knowledge of equine calcium disorders with this informative quiz. Explore the causes, clinical signs, and treatment of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemic disorders in horses. From ionized hypocalcemia to hyperparathyroidism, this quiz covers essential information for equine health and management.
