Equine Calcium Disorders Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the definitive diagnosis requirement for hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?

Presence of Cushing's disease

Clinical signs of lethargy and loss of appetite

Documentation of increased circulating lipids (correct)

Gross observation of lipemia

What are the predisposing factors for hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?

Old age, lack of sunlight, high fiber diet

Lactation, pregnancy, decrease in available feed or appetite (correct)

Exposure to cold weather, genetic predisposition, high sugar intake

Excessive exercise, high protein diet, low water intake

What is the recommended treatment to recognize at-risk animals as early as possible?

Administer high doses of vitamin C

Recognize at risk animals as early as possible (correct)

Increase protein intake

Provide regular exercise

What is the recommended enteral nutritional support for horses with hyperlipidemia?

Palatable high energy feeds (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action regarding lipids when serum triglycerides are over 1000 mg/dL?

Avoid lipids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of insulin therapy in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?

Suppresses hormone sensitive lipase and activates lipoprotein lipase (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of heparin in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?

Promotes peripheral triglyceride uptake and stimulates lipoprotein lipase activity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action regarding parenteral nutrition in horses with hyperlipidemia?

Monitor glucose (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves excessive secretion of PTH due to parathyroid adenomas, hyperplasia, or carcinoma?

Primary hyperparathyroidism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can result from renal dysfunction causing phosphorus retention, hypervitaminosis D, and increased PTH?

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can arise from a diet low in calcium and high in phosphorus in horses?

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (B) Signup and view all the answers

What may occur from ingestion of plants containing 1,25(OH)2D-like compounds in horses?

Hypervitaminosis D (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a paraneoplastic condition associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) in horses?

Pseudohyperparathyroidism (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can result from various conditions and is closely linked to calcium metabolism?

Phosphate disorders (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can occur in conditions like renal failure, malignancies secreting PTHrP, and refeeding syndrome?

Hypophosphatemia and Hypercalcemia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a sequel to the reintroduction of food in previously deprived horses, leading to widespread dysfunction of cellular processes and various clinical signs?

Refeeding syndrome (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text also discuss in ponies and donkeys, as well as severe hypertriglyceridemia in clinically ill horses?

Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, post-heparin lipases, and treatment of hyperlipidemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical signs of hypocalcemia in horses?

Anxiety, hypersalivation, muscle fasciculations, and tachycardia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is recommended for acute hypocalcemia in horses?

Intravenous administration of 23% Calcium gluconate (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in horses?

Cantharidin toxicity from blister beetles in alfalfa hay (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three forms in which calcium exists in horses?

Free, bound, complexed (B) Signup and view all the answers

What may exercise-induced hypocalcemia lead to in intensively exercised horses?

Electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can hypoparathyroidism in horses result in?

Clinical signs consistent with hypocalcemia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for chronic cases of hypocalcemia in horses?

Oral calcium carbonate or dicalcium phosphate supplementation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What may conditions causing ionized hypocalcemia lead to in horses?

Ileus due to the importance of extracellular Ca2+ for action potential (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone regulates calcium homeostasis in horses and is secreted by the parathyroid gland?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of NEFA's taken up by hepatocytes in normal lipid metabolism?

β-oxidation in the Krebs cycle for energy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates LPL activity in peripheral tissues in normal lipid metabolism?

Insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What leads to excessive mobilization of peripheral fat stores in abnormal lipid metabolism?

Negative energy balance (A) Signup and view all the answers

What interferes with insulin-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscles in abnormal lipid metabolism?

Increased FFAs and triglycerides (D) Signup and view all the answers

What condition may lead to hepatic lipidosis in horses?

Obesity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone increases glucagon secretion and decreases insulin secretion in abnormal lipid metabolism?

Glucagon (B) Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the buildup of VLDLs in circulation in abnormal lipid metabolism?

Excessive mobilization of peripheral fat stores (D) Signup and view all the answers

What may cause decreased clearance of triglycerides in abnormal lipid metabolism?

Uremic inhibition of LPL activity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What may lead to the overwhelming of skeletal and cardiac muscles' capacity to utilize triglycerides in abnormal lipid metabolism?

Elevated NEFA levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

What may interfere with insulin from suppressing HSL, leading to worsening hypertriglyceridemia in abnormal lipid metabolism?

Increased FFAs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What may lead to hepatic lipidosis in horses?

Transportation stress (D) Signup and view all the answers

What may cause increased TNF-α, enhancing lipolysis and decreasing lipoprotein lipase activity in abnormal lipid metabolism?

Neoplasia (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Equine Calcium Disorders: Causes, Clinical Signs, and Treatment

Hypocalcemia rapidly reduces plasma triglyceride concentrations in equine and human patients
Calcium in horses exists in free or ionized form (50%–58%), bound to proteins (40%–45%), and complexed to anions (5%–10%)
Three major hormones regulate calcium homeostasis in horses: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Calcitonin, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Vitamin D or calcitriol)
Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular excitability, muscle fasciculations, tremors, and tetany in horses
Clinical signs of hypocalcemia in horses include anxiety, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle fasciculations, and tachycardia
Hypocalcemic tetany in mares occurs 2 weeks before foaling to a few days after weaning, and in horses transported for long periods or engaged in prolonged physical activity
Exercise-induced hypocalcemia is common in intensively exercised horses, leading to electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities
Cantharidin toxicity from blister beetles in alfalfa hay can cause hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in horses
Conditions causing ionized hypocalcemia may lead to ileus in horses due to the importance of extracellular Ca2+ for action potential
Hypoparathyroidism in horses can be primary, secondary, or pseudohypoparathyroidism, resulting in clinical signs consistent with hypocalcemia
Treatment for acute hypocalcemia in horses involves slow administration of 23% Calcium gluconate intravenously, while chronic cases may require oral calcium carbonate or dicalcium phosphate supplementation
Hypercalcemic disorders in horses include primary hyperparathyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism, each with distinct causes and implications

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Description

Test your knowledge of equine calcium disorders with this informative quiz. Explore the causes, clinical signs, and treatment of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemic disorders in horses. From ionized hypocalcemia to hyperparathyroidism, this quiz covers essential information for equine health and management.