38 Questions
What is the definitive diagnosis requirement for hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
Documentation of increased circulating lipids
What are the predisposing factors for hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
Lactation, pregnancy, decrease in available feed or appetite
What is the recommended treatment to recognize at-risk animals as early as possible?
Recognize at risk animals as early as possible
What is the recommended enteral nutritional support for horses with hyperlipidemia?
Palatable high energy feeds
What is the recommended action regarding lipids when serum triglycerides are over 1000 mg/dL?
Avoid lipids
What is the purpose of insulin therapy in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
Suppresses hormone sensitive lipase and activates lipoprotein lipase
What is the purpose of heparin in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in horses and ponies?
Promotes peripheral triglyceride uptake and stimulates lipoprotein lipase activity
What is the recommended action regarding parenteral nutrition in horses with hyperlipidemia?
Monitor glucose
Which condition involves excessive secretion of PTH due to parathyroid adenomas, hyperplasia, or carcinoma?
Primary hyperparathyroidism
What can result from renal dysfunction causing phosphorus retention, hypervitaminosis D, and increased PTH?
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
What can arise from a diet low in calcium and high in phosphorus in horses?
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
What may occur from ingestion of plants containing 1,25(OH)2D-like compounds in horses?
Hypervitaminosis D
What is a paraneoplastic condition associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) in horses?
Pseudohyperparathyroidism
What can result from various conditions and is closely linked to calcium metabolism?
Phosphate disorders
What can occur in conditions like renal failure, malignancies secreting PTHrP, and refeeding syndrome?
Hypophosphatemia and Hypercalcemia
What is a sequel to the reintroduction of food in previously deprived horses, leading to widespread dysfunction of cellular processes and various clinical signs?
Refeeding syndrome
What does the text also discuss in ponies and donkeys, as well as severe hypertriglyceridemia in clinically ill horses?
Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, post-heparin lipases, and treatment of hyperlipidemia
What are the clinical signs of hypocalcemia in horses?
Anxiety, hypersalivation, muscle fasciculations, and tachycardia
What treatment is recommended for acute hypocalcemia in horses?
Intravenous administration of 23% Calcium gluconate
Which of the following is a potential cause of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in horses?
Cantharidin toxicity from blister beetles in alfalfa hay
What are the three forms in which calcium exists in horses?
Free, bound, complexed
What may exercise-induced hypocalcemia lead to in intensively exercised horses?
Electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities
What can hypoparathyroidism in horses result in?
Clinical signs consistent with hypocalcemia
What is the recommended treatment for chronic cases of hypocalcemia in horses?
Oral calcium carbonate or dicalcium phosphate supplementation
What may conditions causing ionized hypocalcemia lead to in horses?
Ileus due to the importance of extracellular Ca2+ for action potential
Which hormone regulates calcium homeostasis in horses and is secreted by the parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What is the fate of NEFA's taken up by hepatocytes in normal lipid metabolism?
β-oxidation in the Krebs cycle for energy
What stimulates LPL activity in peripheral tissues in normal lipid metabolism?
Insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
What leads to excessive mobilization of peripheral fat stores in abnormal lipid metabolism?
Negative energy balance
What interferes with insulin-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscles in abnormal lipid metabolism?
Increased FFAs and triglycerides
What condition may lead to hepatic lipidosis in horses?
Obesity
What hormone increases glucagon secretion and decreases insulin secretion in abnormal lipid metabolism?
Glucagon
What leads to the buildup of VLDLs in circulation in abnormal lipid metabolism?
Excessive mobilization of peripheral fat stores
What may cause decreased clearance of triglycerides in abnormal lipid metabolism?
Uremic inhibition of LPL activity
What may lead to the overwhelming of skeletal and cardiac muscles' capacity to utilize triglycerides in abnormal lipid metabolism?
Elevated NEFA levels
What may interfere with insulin from suppressing HSL, leading to worsening hypertriglyceridemia in abnormal lipid metabolism?
Increased FFAs
What may lead to hepatic lipidosis in horses?
Transportation stress
What may cause increased TNF-α, enhancing lipolysis and decreasing lipoprotein lipase activity in abnormal lipid metabolism?
Neoplasia
Study Notes
Equine Calcium Disorders: Causes, Clinical Signs, and Treatment
- Hypocalcemia rapidly reduces plasma triglyceride concentrations in equine and human patients
- Calcium in horses exists in free or ionized form (50%–58%), bound to proteins (40%–45%), and complexed to anions (5%–10%)
- Three major hormones regulate calcium homeostasis in horses: Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Calcitonin, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Vitamin D or calcitriol)
- Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular excitability, muscle fasciculations, tremors, and tetany in horses
- Clinical signs of hypocalcemia in horses include anxiety, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle fasciculations, and tachycardia
- Hypocalcemic tetany in mares occurs 2 weeks before foaling to a few days after weaning, and in horses transported for long periods or engaged in prolonged physical activity
- Exercise-induced hypocalcemia is common in intensively exercised horses, leading to electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities
- Cantharidin toxicity from blister beetles in alfalfa hay can cause hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in horses
- Conditions causing ionized hypocalcemia may lead to ileus in horses due to the importance of extracellular Ca2+ for action potential
- Hypoparathyroidism in horses can be primary, secondary, or pseudohypoparathyroidism, resulting in clinical signs consistent with hypocalcemia
- Treatment for acute hypocalcemia in horses involves slow administration of 23% Calcium gluconate intravenously, while chronic cases may require oral calcium carbonate or dicalcium phosphate supplementation
- Hypercalcemic disorders in horses include primary hyperparathyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism, each with distinct causes and implications
Test your knowledge of equine calcium disorders with this informative quiz. Explore the causes, clinical signs, and treatment of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemic disorders in horses. From ionized hypocalcemia to hyperparathyroidism, this quiz covers essential information for equine health and management.
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