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Questions and Answers
What is the process of immunization called?
What is the process of immunization called?
Vaccination
What is the name of the first vaccine discovered?
What is the name of the first vaccine discovered?
Smallpox vaccine
What kind of vaccine uses pathogens with reduced virulence?
What kind of vaccine uses pathogens with reduced virulence?
Attenuated vaccines
What is an adjuvant?
What is an adjuvant?
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What are the two main types of immunity?
What are the two main types of immunity?
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Passive immunotherapy is the administration of preformed antibodies.
Passive immunotherapy is the administration of preformed antibodies.
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What is the name of the technology used to produce monoclonal antibodies?
What is the name of the technology used to produce monoclonal antibodies?
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What are the two main categories of immune testing?
What are the two main categories of immune testing?
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What type of serological test involves the clumping of insoluble particles?
What type of serological test involves the clumping of insoluble particles?
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What type of serological test is used to determine if a person has been exposed to a particular virus?
What type of serological test is used to determine if a person has been exposed to a particular virus?
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What are the two types of fluorescent antibody tests?
What are the two types of fluorescent antibody tests?
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What is the acronym for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay?
What is the acronym for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay?
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What is the name for an ELISA that sandwiches an antigen between two antibodies?
What is the name for an ELISA that sandwiches an antigen between two antibodies?
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What is the name of the test that separates proteins by electrophoresis and then uses antibodies to detect them?
What is the name of the test that separates proteins by electrophoresis and then uses antibodies to detect them?
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What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?
What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction commonly called allergies?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction commonly called allergies?
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Which cells participate in degranulation during an allergic reaction?
Which cells participate in degranulation during an allergic reaction?
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the destruction of cells by antibodies and complement?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the destruction of cells by antibodies and complement?
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What hypersensitivity reaction is caused by the formation of immune complexes?
What hypersensitivity reaction is caused by the formation of immune complexes?
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction is cell-mediated and has a delayed onset?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is cell-mediated and has a delayed onset?
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What is the name of the test used to diagnose tuberculosis?
What is the name of the test used to diagnose tuberculosis?
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What is allergic contact dermatitis?
What is allergic contact dermatitis?
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What is graft-versus-host disease?
What is graft-versus-host disease?
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Autoimmune diseases are caused by the immune system attacking self antigens
Autoimmune diseases are caused by the immune system attacking self antigens
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What are the two main categories of autoimmune diseases?
What are the two main categories of autoimmune diseases?
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What is the autoimmune disease that affects blood cells?
What is the autoimmune disease that affects blood cells?
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What immune disorder is characterized by a deficiency in B cells?
What immune disorder is characterized by a deficiency in B cells?
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What is the immune disorder that affects T cells?
What is the immune disorder that affects T cells?
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What is another name for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?
What is another name for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?
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HIV is transmitted primarily through sexual contact and blood transfusions.
HIV is transmitted primarily through sexual contact and blood transfusions.
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Why is HIV so difficult to treat?
Why is HIV so difficult to treat?
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What are the main reasons for the difficulty in developing a vaccine for AIDS?
What are the main reasons for the difficulty in developing a vaccine for AIDS?
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What crucial component does HIV utilize during reverse transcription to convert RNA into DNA?
What crucial component does HIV utilize during reverse transcription to convert RNA into DNA?
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The presence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
The presence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
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What is the name of the medication used to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?
What is the name of the medication used to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?
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What type of immune reaction can be caused by drugs binding to body cells?
What type of immune reaction can be caused by drugs binding to body cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of type III hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of type III hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is the main distinction between type III and type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the main distinction between type III and type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is the most common type of autoimmune disease?
What is the most common type of autoimmune disease?
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What type of autoimmune disease affects the thyroid gland?
What type of autoimmune disease affects the thyroid gland?
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Immunosuppressive drugs are always the best treatment for autoimmune diseases.
Immunosuppressive drugs are always the best treatment for autoimmune diseases.
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Match the following diseases with their types of immune dysfunction:
Match the following diseases with their types of immune dysfunction:
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Study Notes
Immunization and Immune Disorders
- Immunization is a process of inducing immunity.
- There are active and passive immunizations.
- Active immunization uses pathogens with reduced virulence to stimulate immunity.
- Passive immunization involves receiving antibodies from another source.
- Attenuated (live) vaccines use pathogens with reduced virulence.
- Inactivated (killed) vaccines use whole-agent or subunit vaccines that are safer than live vaccines.
- Toxoid vaccines use inactive toxins as antigens.
- Vaccines often contain adjuvants, chemicals that enhance the immune response.
- Vaccination history traces back to the 18th and 19th centuries with figures like Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur.
- Many developing nations lack access to vaccines.
- Effective vaccines for various pathogens have not been developed.
- Vaccine-associated risks deter investment in developing new vaccines.
- Anti-vaccine movements spread false information about vaccine safety.
- The body acquires immunity through natural and artificial means.
- Active immunity, acquired through natural exposure or immunization, involves the body's own immune response.
- Passive immunity, acquired through receiving antibodies from another source, provides immediate protection.
- Recombinant gene technology is used to improve vaccines and make them safer and cheaper.
- Techniques including genetic engineering improve vaccine production.
- Vaccine manufacture often involves growing microbes in culture vessels.
- Many viral vaccines use chicken eggs for growth, a concern for individuals with egg allergies.
- Vaccines are not perfect; mild toxicity, risks of anaphylaxis, or residual virulence from attenuated viruses are associated with immunizations.
- Passive Immunotherapy, administration of antiserum, involves providing pre-formed antibodies.
- Antisera can trigger allergic reactions (serum sickness).
- Antibodies degrade quickly and have limitations.
- Hybridomas overcome antisera limitations.
- Immune system response to therapy (active/passive) shows different antibody levels over time.
Serological Tests
- Serological tests use antigens and corresponding antibodies.
- Uses serology for studying and diagnosing antigen-antibody interactions.
- Includes two categories of immune testing: direct and indirect.
- Direct testing tests antigens directly in samples for a specific diagnosis.
- Indirect testing assesses antibodies, which can be done more easily and quickly.
- Choice depends on the type of suspected disease, costs associated, and speed of results.
Precipitation Tests
- Precipitation tests are a type of serological test.
- Antigens and antibodies mix in the proper ratio to form large complexes.
- Immunodiffusion determines ideal antibody and antigen ratio.
Immunodiffusion
- Immunodiffusion is a serological technique.
- Used to determine optimal antibody-antigen concentration and determine presence of antigen or antibody.
Agglutination Tests
- Agglutination tests involve the clumping of insoluble particles, not the aggregation of soluble molecules.
- Cross-linking of antibodies with particulate antigens causes agglutination.
- Precipitation involves aggregation of soluble molecules.
- Agglutination reactions show easily.
- Hemagglutination is the agglutination of red blood cells.
Viral Neutralization Test
- Cytopathic effect is when viruses kill appropriate cell cultures.
- Determine if a virus will kill a culture.
- Neutralization occurs when a virus is mixed with antibodies against the virus and prevents the virus from destroying cultures.
- The absence of a cytopathic effect signals the presence of antibodies.
Labeled Antibody Tests
- Labeled antibody tests use molecules linked to antibodies to help identify antigens.
- Radioactivity and fluorescence are common techniques for readout, both use different labels to identify antigens based on their presence or absence.
- Fluorescein is a common fluorescent dye for these tests.
Direct Fluorescent Antibody Tests
- Flood the tissue with antibody that specifically binds to a desired antigen and is labeled to be easily visible to identify/confirm the presence of that antigen.
- Detect a specific antigen in a tissue.
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Tests
- Used to identify the presence of antibodies to confirm an infection.
- Cells with antigens are attached to a slide and flooded with a patient's serum.
- Fluorescent-labeled anti-IgG antibody is added.
- Presence of fluorescence signals the presence of antibody/antigen within sample
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
- Uses an enzyme as a label to help detect antibodies/antigens.
- Enzymes react with substrates to produce color signals for readout.
- The enzyme and substrate reaction changes color if antibody or antigen is present in sample, confirming presence.
- Used to detect the presence of antibodies in a serum.
- Antibody sandwich ELISA is a modification commonly used to detect antigens.
Western Blot Test
- Detects antibodies against multiple antigens.
- Technique used to identify antibodies against multiple antigens.
- Easy and more accurate than some other tests.
Immunochromatographic tests
- Rapid, simple, easy-to-read ELISA tests.
- Antigen solution flows through a porous strip to come into contact with antibodies.
- Immune complexes form if antigen specific antibodies are present in sample.
- Used for pregnancy detection and disease detection.
Immune Testing Summary
- Immune tests have various methods and can detect antigens and/or antibodies.
- Several types of approaches can be used, and each have advantages and disadvantages.
- Choice of technique depends on the suspected diagnosis, cost, speed.
Hypersensitivity
- Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated response to an antigen.
- Four types of hypersensitivity, Type I to IV.
- Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity involves the release of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen, leading to localized or systemic reactions.
- Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity involves the destruction of cells by antibodies and complement.
- Type III (immune complex-mediated) hypersensitivity is caused by formation of immune complexes. Localized and systemic reactions are seen, as well as a reaction to repeated exposure.
- Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity is characterized by inflammation occurring 12-24 hours after exposure, and is not antibody-mediated. This is cell-mediated and involves interactions of antigens, antigen presenting cells, and T cells.
Autoimmune Diseases
- Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks itself.
- Causes of these diseases are often unknown.
- Two major categories of autoimmune diseases: Systemic and single-organ.
- Systemic causes include lupus.
- Single-organ causes include hemolytic anemia, Type I diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis.
Immunodeficiency Diseases
- Immunodeficiency diseases occur due to a defective immune system.
- These diseases can either be primary or acquired.
- Primary immunodeficiency diseases result from genetic defects. Some diseases include chronic granulomatous diseases and severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID).
- Acquired immunodeficiency diseases result from various causes such as severe stress, malnutrition, and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Group Questions
- Questions about immune types and their distinctions.
- Questions about types of grafts and their differences.
- Questions about immunosuppressive therapies and precautions.
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