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Questions and Answers

What is the main aim of public health activities?

  • To offer personalized health services
  • To treat individual diseases
  • To conduct research on new medications
  • To provide conditions for population health (correct)

Which of the following professionals is NOT typically involved in public health?

  • Cardiologists (correct)
  • Public health nurses
  • Epidemiologists
  • Environmental health officers

Which of the following is a goal of public health?

  • Identifying and mitigating environmental hazards (correct)
  • Conducting clinical trials for new drugs
  • Providing treatments for individual patients
  • Marketing medical products

What distinguishes public health from medicine?

<p>Public health works with entire populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach focuses on community-based interventions directed at health promotion?

<p>Traditional Public Health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a social intervention in public health?

<p>Improving education access (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of public health agency is the CDC?

<p>National public health agency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the three approaches to public health?

<p>They interact and complement each other in promoting health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accounted for most of the progress in controlling tuberculosis in England and Wales from 1900 to 1970?

<p>Improvements in living conditions and hygiene standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are classified as macroenvironmental exposures?

<p>Air pollution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) cases is attributed to tobacco smoking?

<p>50-80% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a social determinant of health?

<p>Genetic predisposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does maintaining high vaccine coverage play in public health?

<p>It protects unvaccinated people from infectious diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context has the AIDS epidemic hindered progress in controlling tuberculosis?

<p>Combating poverty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major environmental exposures contributing to COPD apart from tobacco smoking?

<p>Secondhand tobacco smoke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group experienced a measles epidemic between 2017 and 2018, exemplifying health vulnerabilities in marginalized populations?

<p>Roma communities in Greece (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which essential public health operation involves the continuous collection and analysis of health-related data?

<p>Surveillance of population health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which essential public health operation is focused on advocating for health and mobilizing resources?

<p>Advocacy, communication, and social mobilization for health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does health protection play in public health operations?

<p>Ensuring safety in various environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of disease prevention operations in public health?

<p>Early detection of illness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of monitoring health hazards?

<p>Nutritional assessment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which essential public health operation ensures sustainable structures and financing for health services?

<p>Assuring sustainable organizational structures and financing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The systematic collection and interpretation of health-related data is known as what?

<p>Public health surveillance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a health hazard that public health monitors?

<p>Nuclear threats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily involved in outbreak investigations?

<p>Multidisciplinary collaboration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of health protection?

<p>Conducting environmental assessments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary prevention method?

<p>Vaccinations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does effective response planning for public health emergencies entail?

<p>Development of rapid investigation protocols and community coordination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is used to address health inequity?

<p>Building resilience through community partnerships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What falls under the category of secondary prevention in health?

<p>Regular screening programs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for assuring governance in health?

<p>Health impact assessments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a health promotion activity?

<p>Obesity prevention initiatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Health Impact Pyramid suggest about disease risk?

<p>Disease risk and exposures form a continuum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concept of the prevention paradox introduced by Rose in 1981?

<p>Many individuals exposed to a small risk may result in more cases than few individuals exposed to a high risk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome of a small shift in risk factor distribution in the population?

<p>It will reduce the overall disease burden significantly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might it be harder to motivate individuals to participate in public health initiatives?

<p>The benefits of preventive measures are often less visible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one approach that complements the individual-based strategy for disease prevention?

<p>Implementing community-wide health interventions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is LDL cholesterol distribution affected after an intervention?

<p>It shifts to create fewer high-risk individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of community-based preventive measures?

<p>They generate minimal individual benefits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the distribution of exposures relate to disease patterns?

<p>There is significant overlap in exposures between healthy and diseased individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for assuring a competent public health workforce?

<p>To improve contact tracing capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sustainable organizational structure important in public health?

<p>To guarantee continuous funding and support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is essential in advocacy and communication for health?

<p>Encouraging societal participation in health initiatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research focuses on the effectiveness of public health interventions?

<p>Implementation research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which core competency is NOT part of the ASPHER framework for public health professionals?

<p>Information technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of global health?

<p>Health determinants are interconnected globally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal related to training other actors in public health?

<p>To incorporate public health perspectives into various fields (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main issue was highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic regarding public health funding?

<p>Inability to surge capacity when needed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Public Health

A multifaceted, multidisciplinary field focused on improving the health of entire populations, not individual patients.

Population Perspective

Public health's focus on the health of entire groups rather than individual patients.

Goals of Public Health

Preventing illness, injury, and death; mitigating environmental risks; promoting healthy behaviors; providing health education; and ensuring access to vital health services.

Public Health Professionals

A variety of specialists, including physicians, nurses, environmental health officers, epidemiologists, and more.

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Traditional Public Health

Community-based interventions aimed at promoting health and preventing illnesses (e.g., disease control, food safety).

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Health Care

Treatment, prevention, rehabilitation, and palliative care services, including vaccinations and disease screening.

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Social Interventions

Actions improving the environment, education, reducing inequalities, or enhancing social mobility to indirectly impact health.

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National/Supranational Agencies

Organizations like the CDC (US) and ECDC (Europe), that work on large-scale public health issues.

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Health Impact Pyramid

A framework for prioritizing strategies in public health; shows different approaches, from individual interventions to broader societal changes, and their impact on population health.

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Risk Continuum

The idea that risk factors (like cholesterol levels) aren't just high or low, but exist on a spectrum, with a wide range of individuals exposed.

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Population-Based Prevention

Interventions targeting entire populations, not just high-risk individuals.

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Prevention Paradox

Measures beneficial to the community may have little individual impact, making it harder to motivate individual or societal changes.

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Individual Approach

Focusing on high-risk individuals with targeted interventions; aims to reduce risks by improving lifestyles.

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LDL Cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; a key risk factor for coronary heart disease.

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Population Distribution

The spread or range of values among people/population in terms of risk factors.

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Complementary Approaches

Both population-wide interventions and interventions for high-risk individuals are needed to improve public health outcomes.

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CHD Prevention

Measures to prevent Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in the general population, like better diets and exercise.

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Macroenvironmental Exposures

Large-scale factors affecting health, like air quality and access to green spaces. Generally easier to manage via policies.

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Microenvironmental Exposures

Individual behaviors and lifestyles that impact health, like diet and smoking. Harder to change.

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Social Determinants of Health

Factors like poverty, access to resources, and social conditions that affect people's health and well-being, especially infectious diseases.

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TB Control

Improvements in living conditions & hygiene significantly reduced TB deaths. NOT just medicine.

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Poverty & Infectious Diseases

Poverty and social exclusion can worsen and reverse efforts to control infectious diseases like TB in certain populations.

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Herd immunity

High vaccination rates protect unvaccinated people in a population by reducing the spread of disease.

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COPD causes

Tobacco smoking is a major cause of COPD, although environmental exposures like pollution and occupational hazards contribute as well.

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Public Health Surveillance

The continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data to improve public health practice.

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Health Hazards Monitoring

Monitoring and responding to biological, chemical, radiological, and nuclear health hazards.

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EPHOS (Ten Essential Public Health Operations)

Ten essential operations in public health, including surveillance and health protection.

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Social Determinants of Chronic Diseases

Factors like income and green spaces linked to diseases like cardiovascular problems.

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Surveillance of Population Health

Tracking population health, using various data types to evaluate well-being.

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Health Protection Measures

Actions protecting against health risks, including workplace safety and food safety.

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Health Promotion

Encouraging healthy behaviors to address inequality and social determinants of health.

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Disease Prevention

Actions that stop or reduce diseases through early detection and other means.

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Public Health Workforce

The professionals and groups needed to effectively deliver public health services.

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Sustainable Public Health

Maintaining public health programs and resources over time, including funding.

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Social Mobilization for Health

Involving communities and individuals in public health campaigns and initiatives.

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Public Health Research

Studying how public health interventions and policies work to improve health outcomes.

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Global Health Concerns

Health issues that cross national borders, such as pandemics.

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Public Health Workforce Planning

Strategic planning for a sufficient and qualified staff.

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Public Health Advocacy

Communicating and promoting public health by influencing policies.

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Public Health Determinants

Factors that affect health, including social, economic, and environmental factors.

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Environmental Health Hazards Control

Identifying and assessing risks from hazardous exposures in the environment, including monitoring air, water, food, and consumer goods.

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Public Health Emergencies Response

Planning and executing rapid responses to health crises, like pandemics or bioterrorism, involving collaboration across sectors.

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Risk Assessment & Regulatory Standards

Evaluating risks to human health and setting regulations to protect people.

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Health Promotion Activities

Programs that encourage healthy behaviors and prevent diseases, potentially addressing social determinants of health.

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Primary Prevention Strategies

Measures taken to prevent diseases and injuries proactively, like vaccinations and injury prevention.

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Secondary Prevention in Health

Screening for diseases early to catch problems in their initial stages to improve outcomes.

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Health Policy Planning

Creating and implementing policies to improve health and well-being, often involving cooperation from various parties.

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Health Impact Assessments

Evaluating potential effects of policies and actions on population health.

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