Questions and Answers
What is a mixture?
What does heterogeneous mean?
A mixture made up of different parts that are relatively easy to detect
Define homogeneous.
A material that is the same throughout
What is a pure substance?
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What is a mechanical mixture?
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What characterizes a suspension?
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Define emulsion.
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What is an emulsifying agent?
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What is a solution?
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Define alloy.
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What does dissolve mean?
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What is a solute?
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What is a solvent?
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Define an element.
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What is a compound?
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What is the periodic table?
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Define a molecule.
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What is a method of separation?
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What are atoms?
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Who is John Dalton?
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What are the main points of Dalton's Atomic Theory?
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Study Notes
Mixtures and Pure Substances
- Mixture: Combination of two or more substances where each retains its own properties and are not chemically combined.
- Heterogeneous Mixture: Contains visibly different substances or phases; components can often be identified easily.
- Homogeneous Mixture: Completely uniform composition throughout; cannot easily distinguish different components.
- Pure Substance: Consists solely of one type of particle; can be elements or compounds.
Types of Mixtures
- Mechanical Mixture: A heterogeneous mixture with easily identifiable parts, e.g., salad or gravel.
- Suspension: A type of mixture where particles settle out over time; e.g., muddy water.
- Emulsion: A stable type of suspension, where the components do not separate easily, often requiring an emulsifying agent.
- Emulsifying Agent: Substance that helps stabilize an emulsion, allowing a mixture to remain uniform.
Solutions and Components
- Solution: A homogeneous mixture, where one substance is dissolved in another.
- Alloy: A metallic solution, typically combining two or more metals for improved properties.
- Dissolve: The process wherein a solute integrates into a solvent to form a solution.
- Solute: The substance that is dissolved within the solvent.
- Solvent: The medium in which the solute dissolves; typically present in larger amounts.
Chemical Fundamentals
- Element: The simplest form of matter, cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
- Compound: Chemically bonded combination of two or more different elements in fixed ratios.
- Periodic Table: A systematic arrangement of all known elements organized into groups and periods based on shared properties.
- Molecule: Composed of two or more atoms bonded together, can represent elements or compounds.
Separation Techniques
- Method of Separation: Techniques used to isolate components of mixtures; includes filtration, magnetism, tongs, flotation, and distillation.
Atomic Theory
- Atoms: Fundamental building blocks of matter; indivisible for a given element and all atoms of the same element are identical.
- John Dalton: Pioneer of atomic theory, establishing foundational principles about matter's composition.
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Dalton's Atomic Theory:
- Matter is comprised of atoms.
- Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
- All atoms of a particular element share identical properties.
- Compounds form in fixed ratios (e.g., water = 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom).
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