Epithelial Tissue Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of secretion involves the whole cell being released with the secretion?

  • Merocrine
  • Endocrine
  • Apocrine
  • Holocrine (correct)

Which mechanism of secretion is characterized by the cell undergoing no changes during the process?

  • Apocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Merocrine (correct)
  • Holocrine

What is a characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?

  • Is always stratified
  • Is not innervated
  • Has minimal intercellular space (correct)
  • Contains blood vessels

Which epithelial cell specialization is primarily found at the apical surface?

<p>Microvilli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is primarily involved in secretion?

<p>Simple columnar epithelium (A), Cuboidal epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gland secretion involves the apex of the cell being released along with the secretion?

<p>Apocrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell junction type is responsible for creating a barrier between neighboring cells?

<p>Tight junction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is simple squamous epithelium commonly found?

<p>Blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are sensory nerve fibers typically found in relation to sensory cells?

<p>At the basal pole of sensory cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epithelium type aids in the movement of fluids over its surface?

<p>Pseudostratified epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the basal pole of epithelial cells?

<p>It rests on the basal lamina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The basal surface of epithelial cells is supported by what structure?

<p>Basement membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily allows for communication between adjacent cells?

<p>Gap junction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium is most associated with absorption?

<p>Simple columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pseudostratified epithelium from stratified epithelium?

<p>Variety in cell height (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is typically found lining the female genital tract?

<p>Pseudostratified epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of specialized connective tissue?

<p>To provide a structural framework for organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a predominance of fibroblasts and minimal ground substance?

<p>Dense connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is primarily involved in energy storage?

<p>Brown adipose connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of irregular dense connective tissue?

<p>Randomly arranged collagen bundles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes loose areolar connective tissue from dense connective tissue?

<p>Greater vascularity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature characterizes the nucleus of a B-lymphocyte?

<p>Eccentric rounded nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of macrophages in connective tissue?

<p>Defense against infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue type has a rich blood supply and abundant mitochondria?

<p>Brown adipose connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial structure is primarily found in the upper respiratory tract?

<p>Ciliated with motile cilia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion is produced by serous glands?

<p>Watery secretion with enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Zonula Occludens junctions?

<p>Barriers and trans-cellular transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following epithelium types is characterized by dome-shaped superficial cells?

<p>Transitional epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishing feature do unicellular glands have?

<p>Formed from a single cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of junction is associated with transmembrane proteins known as connexins?

<p>Communicating junctions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which site is associated with the presence of ciliated non-motile epithelial cells?

<p>Epididymis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue fiber is made primarily of elastin protein?

<p>Elastic fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the urinary tract epithelium?

<p>Protection and distensibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of junction is recognized by the presence of cadherins?

<p>Macula adherens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands contain both endocrine and exocrine parts?

<p>Mixed glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of collagen fibers in connective tissue?

<p>They are pink with eosin and form wavy bundles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific characteristic defines keratinized epithelium?

<p>Multiple layers of flattened cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes reticular fibers in connective tissue?

<p>They are formed mainly from collagen type III. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are elastic fibers primarily found?

<p>In the walls of large blood vessels like the Aorta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms a closed intercellular space?

<p>Zonula Occludens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the loose connective tissue fibers?

<p>Short and branching fibers forming a delicate network (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is associated with adult mesenchymal stem cells?

<p>Differentiate into smooth muscle cells and others during injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adipocyte is characterized by multiple small droplets of fat?

<p>Multilocular adipocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of fibroblasts compared to fibrocytes?

<p>Fibroblasts have many mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What staining result is indicative of unilocular adipocytes?

<p>Stains orange with Sudan III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytic activity in connective tissue?

<p>Macrophage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the multilocular adipocyte?

<p>Presence of numerous electron dense fat droplets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of leukocytes that present antigens?

<p>Form multinucleated giant cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Epithelial Tissue?

Epithelial tissue is a continuous sheet of tightly packed cells with a free surface and a basal surface resting on a basement membrane.

What are the main types of epithelial tissue based on cell layers?

Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells, while stratified epithelium has multiple layers of cells.

Describe simple squamous epithelium.

Simple squamous epithelium is a thin, flat layer of cells that allows for diffusion and filtration.

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium.

Simple cuboidal epithelium is cube-shaped and involved in secretion and absorption.

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Describe simple columnar epithelium.

Simple columnar epithelium is tall and column-shaped, involved in secretion and absorption. Some cells may have cilia for movement of fluids.

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Describe stratified squamous epithelium.

Stratified squamous epithelium consists of multiple layers of flattened cells, providing protection against abrasion and friction.

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Describe transitional epithelium.

Transitional epithelium can change shape depending on the organ's state, found in areas that need to stretch.

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What is pseudostratified epithelium?

Pseudostratified epithelium appears stratified but all cells touch the basement membrane, with cilia for moving fluids.

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Uroepithelium

A type of epithelium found in the urinary tract, characterized by multiple layers of cells that can change in number based on the bladder's state. Cells in the superficial layer are dome-shaped for protection and distensibility.

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Stereocilia

Long, non-motile microvilli found in the epididymis of the male reproductive system.

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Goblet cells

Epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucus, often found in the lining of the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and reproductive tract.

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Ciliated epithelium

A type of epithelial tissue that lines the upper respiratory tract (trachea and bronchi) and is characterized by the presence of motile cilia.

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Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream, without the use of ducts.

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Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretion to a specific location.

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Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A type of epithelial tissue that lines the surfaces of the oral cavity, esophagus, tongue, and cornea. It lacks the tough protein keratin found in skin.

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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A type of epithelial tissue that forms the outermost layer of the skin. It is characterized by the presence of keratin, a tough protein that provides protection.

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Glandular epithelium

A type of epithelial tissue specialized for secretion, with cells containing numerous secretory granules.

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Merocrine secretion

A type of secretion where the product is released from the cell via exocytosis, without any loss of cellular material.

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Apocrine secretion

A type of secretion where the product is released along with a portion of the apical cytoplasm of the cell.

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Holocrine secretion

A type of secretion where the entire cell is destroyed and released as the secretory product.

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Sensory epithelium

Epithelial tissue modified to act as receptors. It contains sensory and supporting cells.

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Zonula Occludens (Tight Junction)

A type of cell junction that forms a tight seal between adjacent cells, preventing the passage of molecules between them.

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Zonula Adherens (Adhering Junction)

A type of cell junction that provides strong adhesion between cells, anchoring them together.

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Gap Junctions (Communicating Junction)

A type of cell junction that allows for the passage of small molecules and ions between cells.

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Connective Tissue (CT)

A type of connective tissue that provides support and structure to organs and tissues.

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Collagen Fiber

A type of fiber found in connective tissue that provides strength and resistance to stretching.

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Elastic Fiber

A type of fiber found in connective tissue that provides elasticity and ability to recoil.

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Reticular Fiber

A type of fiber found in connective tissue that forms a delicate network that supports cells and tissues.

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Fibroblast

A cell that synthesizes and secretes collagen fibers.

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Adipocyte

A type of connective tissue cell that stores fat. It can be unilocular (single large droplet) or multilocular (multiple smaller droplets).

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Fibrocyte

Mature fibroblasts with a flattened, elongated nucleus and fewer organelles.

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Macrophage

A type of connective tissue cell found in the blood that has phagocytic activity. It helps destroy old RBCs in the liver and spleen.

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Mast cell

A type of connective tissue cell that has a large, granular cytoplasm and a central, pale nucleus. It stains metachromatically with Toluidine blue.

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Dense connective tissue

Fibrous connective tissue that provides structural support and connects tissues together.

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Loose connective tissue

A type of connective tissue that provides support and cushioning for organs and tissues.

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Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

Connective tissue that has a high proportion of cells, particularly fibroblasts and macrophages, and is abundant in all three types of fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular. It also has an abundant ground substance and is well-vascularized.

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Regular Dense Connective Tissue

Connective tissue characterized by densely packed bundles of collagen fibers arranged in parallel, with rows of fibroblasts in between. It is strong and resistant to stretching in one direction.

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Irregular Dense Connective Tissue

Connective tissue characterized by irregularly arranged collagen bundles with scattered fibroblasts. It is strong and resistant to stretching in multiple directions.

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White Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue specialized for storage of energy in the form of triglycerides. It is characterized by large, unilocular adipocytes (fat cells) with a single large fat droplet.

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Brown Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue characterized by multilocular adipocytes (fat cells) with multiple small fat droplets. It is involved in heat production and has a rich blood supply and abundant mitochondria.

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Reticular Connective Tissue

Specialized connective tissue that forms the structural framework of various organs, providing support and filtration. It is composed of a network of reticular fibers and reticular cells.

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Blood

Connective tissue characterized by a fluid matrix called plasma and formed elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is responsible for transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.

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Cartilage

Connective tissue that supports and protects organs, provides flexibility, and reduces friction. It is composed of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers and other proteins.

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Study Notes

Epithelial Tissue

  • Originates from ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm
  • Composed of closely packed cells with minimal intercellular space
  • Cells are tightly connected by cellular attachments
  • Upper surface of cells is free, while the basal surface rests on a basement membrane
  • Avascular (receives nutrition by diffusion from underlying connective tissue)
  • Innervated
  • High regenerative capacity

Types of Epithelium

  • Surface epithelium: Covers surfaces or lines cavities

    • Classified by number of layers: simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers)
    • Classified by cell shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (column-shaped)

  • Glandular epithelium: Modified to form glands that secrete substances

    • Classified by presence or absence of ducts: exocrine (ducts), endocrine (no ducts), mixed (both ducts and no ducts)

Simple Epithelium

  • Simple squamous epithelium: Single layer of flat cells with flat nuclei

    • Function: diffusion and filtration
    • Locations: blood vessels (endothelium), serous membranes (mesothelium), alveoli of lungs

  • Simple cuboidal epithelium: Single layer of cube-shaped cells with central, rounded nuclei

    • Function: secretion and absorption
    • Locations: thyroid follicles, kidney tubules

  • Simple columnar epithelium: Single layer of column-shaped cells with nuclei near the base

    • Function: secretion and absorption
    • Locations: digestive tract, fallopian tubes, parts of the respiratory system (ciliated)

Stratified Epithelium

  • Stratified squamous epithelium: Multiple layers of cells, with the top layer being squamous shaped
    • Non-keratinized: moist surface, located in oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and parts of the throat
    • Keratinized: tough surface, located in the epidermis of skin

Transitional Epithelium

  • Variable number of layers, depending on the state of the organ
  • Basal layer is composed of cuboidal cells
  • Intermediate layer is multiple layers of polyhedral cells
  • Superficial layer is dome-shaped (when relaxed) or squamous (when stretched)
  • Designed for distensibility (expandable), found in urinary bladder and ureters

Glandular Epithelium

  • Exocrine glands: Secrete products into ducts that open onto a surface

    • Classified by structure and secretion type

  • Endocrine glands: Secrete products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream

    • Ductless

  • Mixed glands: Have both exocrine and endocrine functions

Classification of Exocrine Glands

  • Unicellular: Composed of single cells (e.g., goblet cells) producing mucus
  • Multicellular: Composed of multiple cells, classified further by:
    • Structure: tubular, alveolar (acinar)
    • Secretion type: serous (watery), mucous (viscous), mixed (seromucous)

Mechanism of Secretion

  • Merocrine: Secretion released by exocytosis, cells remain unchanged
  • Apocrine: Product released along with a portion of the cell apex, cells are affected
  • Holocrine: Entire cell disintegrates to release products, cells are destroyed

Myoepithelium

  • Specialized epithelial cells with contractile filaments
  • Surround secretory portions of glands to force secretion out of ducts (e.g., salivary and mammary glands)

Neuroepithelium

  • Specialized epithelial cells forming sensory receptors
  • Sensory nerve fibers are located at the base of these cells
  • Found in organs sensitive to stimuli (e.g., taste buds of the tongue, organ of Corti in the ear)

Epithelial Polarity

  • Asymmetrical distribution of organelles and membrane proteins within the cell
  • Apical surface (free surface): faces the exterior or lumen
  • Lateral surface: communicates with neighboring cells
  • Basal surface: rests on the basal lamina to attach to connective tissue underneath

Cell Junctions

  • Connections between cells:
    • Occluding junctions (tight junctions): Seal adjacent cells together, preventing leakage
    • Anchoring junctions: Strengthen cells' attachments to each other
      • Adhering junctions (belt desmosomes)
    • Gap junctions (communicating junctions): Allow communication between cells through connexins (protein channels)

Connective Tissues

  • General characteristics:
    • Made up of widely separated cells
    • Supported by an extracellular matrix
    • Contains connective tissue fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
  • Origin: Mesodermal
  • Components:
    • Cells: Fibroblasts, pericytes, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells (fixed)
  • Fibers: Collagen, elastic, reticular.

Types of Connective Tissue

  • Embryonic Connective Tissue: Mesenchymal and mucous connective Tissue
  • Connective Tissue Proper: Loose areolar, dense regular, dense irregular, reticular, adipose connective tissue
  • Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage, bone, blood

Connective Tissue Cells

  • Fixed cells: originate locally and remain in the connective tissue (fibroblasts, fibrocytes, pericytes, adipocytes)
  • Free/Transient cells: originate elsewhere and remain only temporarily in the connective tissue (macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, leukocytes)

Adipose Tissue (Fat Tissue)

  • Unilocular: (White Adipose Tissue)
    • Single droplet of fat in a cell
    • Function: Energy storage, insulation, endocrine function (leptin secretion)
  • Multilocular: (Brown Adipose Tissue)
    • Multiple fat droplets in cell
    • Function: Thermogenesis, heat generation
  • Both types contain adipocytes (fat cells)

Macrophages

  • Large, irregular cells (pseudopodia)
  • Originating from blood monocytes
  • Rich in lysosomes
  • Function: Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, destruction of old RBCs

Mast Cells

  • Origin from bone marrow
  • Large cells with granules
  • Important role in allergic reactions and inflammation
  • Contains histamine, heparin, other mediators

Plasma Cells

  • Origin from B-lymphocytes
  • Located in lymphatic tissues
  • Function: antibody production

Additional Points

  • Specific locations for each type of tissue and their functions are given in the slides.
  • There is considerable detail in the descriptions of each cell type, including the structure of the cells themselves.
  • Specific staining techniques and staining characteristics are used to help in identification of each cell type under the microscope.
  • The presentation uses a variety of diagrams to highlight the details of the slides.

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