أسئلة المحاضرة السابعة هستو (قبل التعديل)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following glands are primarily formed of numerous cells?

  • Thyroid G.
  • Testes
  • Salivary glands (correct)
  • Suprarenal G.
  • Which type of gland secretion is known for being watery and rich in enzymes?

  • Parotid glands (correct)
  • Ceruminous glands
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Goblet cells
  • What secretion type is characteristic of both submandibular and sublingual glands?

  • Fatty secretion
  • Both types of secretions (correct)
  • Watery solution with waste products
  • Waxy secretion
  • Which gland secretion method involves the entire cell and its contents being released?

    <p>Holocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands are formed of a single cell type?

    <p>Goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Protection against physical damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes the cellular arrangement of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Cohesiveness with close contact between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue has multiple layers of cells?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes simple epithelial tissues from stratified ones?

    <p>Single layer of cells resting on the basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the basement membrane in epithelial tissues?

    <p>Adhering the epithelial tissue to connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is specialized for secretion and forms glands?

    <p>Glandular epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the epithelial tissue regenerate?

    <p>Via continuous renewal of its cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

    <p>It has a single layer but appears multilayered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to transitional epithelium?

    <p>Its surface cells undergo changes in shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the number of layers in transitional epithelium change when the bladder is full?

    <p>It changes to 2 or 3 layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a location where transitional epithelium is found?

    <p>Recto-Anal junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glands are formed by cells specialized to secrete substances?

    <p>Glandular epithelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is typically found between the cells in transitional epithelium?

    <p>Mucous substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of cells in glandular epithelia?

    <p>They contain secretory granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical function of large ducts of salivary glands?

    <p>To secrete saliva.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is characterized by a monolayer of crowded columnar cells with oval nuclei at different levels?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is simple columnar absorptive epithelium primarily found?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pseudostratified columnar epithelium with motile cilia from non-motile ciliated forms?

    <p>Presence of goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which anatomical location would you most likely find stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is unique to simple columnar ciliated epithelium found in bronchioles?

    <p>Cilia present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the keratinized layer in stratified squamous epithelium?

    <p>Preventing water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures does NOT contain pseudostratified columnar epithelium with motile cilia?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium covers the oral cavity and is important for protection?

    <p>Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of epithelial tissue that assists in the movement of substances across its surface?

    <p>Forms slippery surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is characterized by having both tubular and acinar secretory parts?

    <p>Submandibular glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the superficial cell layer of transitional epithelium when the urinary bladder is full?

    <p>It stretches and flattens temporarily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is specifically characterized by its columnar tall cells that often give a false appearance of stratification?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of cells within glandular epithelia?

    <p>They are specialized to secrete substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is formed by multiple layers of cells and provides protection against abrasion?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of secretion is typically produced by ceruminous glands?

    <p>Waxy secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes simple columnar absorptive epithelium from other types of columnar epithelium?

    <p>Presence of microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands releases secretions via exocytosis?

    <p>Mammary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium would you primarily find lining the nasal cavity and respiratory tract due to its motile cilia?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with motile cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of epithelial cells allows them to maintain their structural integrity?

    <p>Cellularity and cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes transitional epithelium?

    <p>It undergoes transitions in cell shape based on urinary bladder pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue typically has microvilli or cilia on its surface?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific type of secretion is produced by the parotid glands?

    <p>Water-rich solution with enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glandular arrangement is described as 'ductless'?

    <p>Endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical locations are primarily covered by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium?

    <p>Esophagus and vaginal canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following locations would you find simple columnar ciliated epithelium?

    <p>Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is essential for the regeneration of epithelial tissue?

    <p>High capacity for continuous renewal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the secretion characteristic of sebaceous glands?

    <p>Fatty secretion rich in enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural adaptation allows transitional epithelium to accommodate varying degrees of stretching?

    <p>Ability of cells to swell and contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glandular epithelium is involved in secretion within glands?

    <p>Glandular epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In transitional epithelium, what is the composition that facilitates cell movement during fullness?

    <p>Mucous substance between the cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic feature allows stratified squamous keratinized epithelium to provide a protective barrier?

    <p>Layering of flat scaly cells filled with keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main characteristic of simple cuboidal epithelium?

    <p>Single layer of cube-shaped cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the basal cells found in pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

    <p>They provide structural support for the epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are primarily found in the superficial layer of transitional epithelium?

    <p>Large cuboidal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following locations is NOT primarily lined by transitional epithelium?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of goblet cells found in certain types of epithelium?

    <p>Secreting mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to transitional epithelium when the bladder is full?

    <p>It thickens and the layers flatten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Epithelial Tissue

    • One of the four main types of tissue in the human body
    • Covers external and internal surfaces of the body
    • Forms most glands
    • Highly cellular, with cells in close contact
    • Polarized; apical and basal surfaces
    • Rests on a basement membrane
    • Avascular; nutrients and waste products transported by diffusion from underlying connective tissue
    • Highly innervated
    • Regenerative; high capacity for renewal
    • Functions include protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, ion transportation, and creating slippery surfaces

    Classifications of Epithelial Tissues

    • Simple Epithelia: Single layer of cells
      • Simple Squamous Epithelium: Flat, thin cells with centrally-located, flat nuclei
        • Found in endothelium (lining of blood vessels) and mesothelium (lining of serous membranes)
      • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Cube-shaped cells with centrally-located, rounded nuclei
        • Found in renal tubules, thyroid follicles, and small ducts of exocrine glands
      • Simple Columnar Epithelium: Tall, columnar cells with centrally-located, oval nuclei
        • Found in the lining of the stomach (secretory) and small intestine (absorptive)
        • Can have microvilli for increased absorption
        • Can have cilia for movement of substances
      • Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: Monolayer of cells with all resting on the basement membrane, but with some cells shorter than others, creating an illusion of stratification
        • Found in the lining of the respiratory tract, large ducts of salivary glands, epididymis, and fallopian tubes
        • May have cilia for movement of substances
        • May have goblet cells for mucus secretion
    • Stratified Epithelia: Multiple layers of cells
      • Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Multiple cell layers with flat cells at the surface
        • Non-keratinized: Found in moist areas like oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, vagina, urethra
        • Keratinized: Found in dry areas like the epidermis of skin
      • Stratified Cuboidal (Transitional) Epithelium: Shape of superficial cells changes depending on stretch and pressure
        • Found in the urinary bladder, pelvis of kidney, ureter, prostatic urethra
        • Allows for expansion and contraction
      • Stratified Columnar Epithelium: Multiple layers of cells with columnar cells at the surface
        • Found in large ducts of salivary glands, recto-anal junction, and male urethra

    Glandular Epithelium

    • Specialized for secretion
    • Secretory granules store molecules to be secreted
    • Divided into two types:
      • Exocrine Glands: Have ducts; secretions carried to epithelial surface
        • Examples: sweat glands, sebaceous glands, salivary glands
      • Endocrine Glands: Ductless; secretions (hormones) released directly into the bloodstream
        • Examples: pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, suprarenal glands, testes, ovaries
    • Glandular epithelium can be unicellular or multicellular
    • Examples of unicellular glands: goblet cells
    • Examples of multicellular glands: salivary glands, pancreas

    Types of Multicellular Glands

    • Tubular: Tubular secretory part
      • Examples: kidney, liver, testes, intestinal glands
    • Acinar: Grape-like or acinar secretory part
      • Examples: sebaceous glands
    • Tubuloacinar: Possess both tubular and alveolar parts
      • Examples: salivary glands, mammary glands, pancreas, prostate gland

    Types of Glandular Secretions

    • Mucous: Viscid, rich in carbohydrates
      • Examples: goblet cells, minor salivary glands
    • Serous: Watery, rich in enzymes
      • Examples: parotid glands, pancreas
    • Mixed: Combination of mucous and serous secretions
      • Examples: submandibular and sublingual glands
    • Fatty: Secreted from sebaceous glands and meibomian glands
    • Waxy: Secreted from ceruminous glands of external ear canal

    Modes of Exocrine Secretion

    • Exocytosis: Secretion via membrane-bound vesicles
      • Examples: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands
    • Holocrine Secretion: Cells lyse and release entire contents
      • Examples: sebaceous glands, meibomian glands

    Epithelium

    • Epithelium tissues cover the outer surface of the body and inner surfaces of cavities.
    • The cells are closely packed together with intercellular junctions.
    • Epithelial tissue has a distinct apical and basal surface.
    • The basal surface adheres to the basement membrane (BM).
    • Epithelial cells can have modifications on their surface, such as microvilli or cilia.
    • Epithelial tissue is avascular and nutrients are transported by diffusion from blood vessels in the connective tissue (CT).
    • Epithelial tissue is highly innervated and has the ability to regenerate rapidly.

    Functions of Epithelium

    • Protection
    • Secretion
    • Absorption
    • Filtration barrier
    • Ion or gases transport
    • Forms slippery surfaces

    Types of Epithelial Tissue

    • Covering and lining epithelium (external and internal surfaces)
    • Glandular epithelium (secretory tissue in glands)
    • Neuroepithelium

    Classification of Epithelial Tissues

    Simple Epithelium

    • Simple Squamous Epithelium: Single layer of flat and thin cells with central, flat nuclei.
      • Endothelium lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels.
      • Mesothelium lines serous membranes around organs (pericardium, pleura, peritoneum).
    • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Single layer of square shaped cells with central, rounded nuclei.
      • Found in renal tubules, thyroid follicles, and small ducts of exocrine glands (e.g., salivary glands).
    • Simple Columnar Epithelium: Single layer of columnar, tall cells with basal oval nuclei.
      • Simple columnar epithelium can be secretory (e.g., stomach) or absorptive (e.g., small intestine - contains numerous microvilli).
      • Simple columnar ciliated epithelium is found in bronchioles and fallopian tubes.

    Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

    • This type of epithelium is formed of a single layer of crowded cells where all cells rest on the BM.
    • Some cells are short and fail to reach the surface, while the tall cells with oval nuclei reach the free surface.
    • With the different heights of cells, and oval nuclei positioned at different levels, the appearance is that of a stratified epithelium.
    • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium can be non-ciliated (e.g., large ducts of salivary glands) or ciliated with goblet cells (e.g., nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi).
    • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with non-motile cilia is found in the epididymis.

    Stratified Epithelium

    • Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Composed of multiple layers of cells, the basal layer rests on the BM.
      • Classified according to the shape of the superficial cell layer.
      • Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized Epithelium: Upper layer of cells is formed of flat, non-dried, non-horny cells with central, rounded nuclei. Found in wet mucosas, such as the cornea, conjunctiva, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, urethra, and vagina.
      • Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium: Upper layer of cells is formed of flat, dried, horny, scaly cells filled with keratin. Found on the dry surface of the skin (epidermis).
    • Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium (Transitional): Found in the urinary bladder, ureters, pelvis of the kidney, and prostatic urethra.
      • The shape of the surface cells changes depending on the degree of stretch and pressure inside the urinary bladder.
      • The cells rest on a thin BM, which can contract and expand.
      • Formed from 5-8 layers, with columnar cells at the base, and large cubical cells with convex upper surface, central rounded nuclei (some binucleated) at the apex.
      • The number of cell layers can change to 2 or 3 in a full bladder.
      • The presence of mucous substance between the cells facilitates cell sliding during bladder distension.
      • The superficial cell layer stretches and flattens temporarily.
    • Stratified Columnar Epithelium: Composed of multiple cell layers with columnar cells at the surface.
      • Found in large ducts of salivary glands, the recto-anal junction, and the membranous part of the male urethra.

    Glandular Epithelium

    • Glandular epithelia are found in glands and are specialized for secretion.
    • Secretory products are stored in small membrane-bound vesicles called secretory granules.
    • Two types of glands:
      • Exocrine Glands: Have ducts and release their secretions into ducts.
        • Examples: sweat glands, sebaceous glands, salivary glands.
      • Endocrine Glands: Ductless, secrete hormones directly into the blood.
        • Examples: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries.

    Types of Exocrine Glands

    • Simple: Formed of a single cell (e.g., goblet cells) or numerous cells (e.g., salivary and pancreatic glands).
    • Compound: Formed by a combination of types.
    • Tubular: Secretory portion is tubular (e.g., kidney, liver, testes, intestinal glands).
    • Acinar: Secretory portion is grape-like or acinar shapes (e.g., sebaceous glands).
    • Tubulo-alveolar: Possess both tubular and alveolar structures (e.g., salivary glands, mammary glands, pancreas, prostate glands).

    Mechanisms of Secretion

    • Exocytosis: Cells secrete via exocytosis (e.g., sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands).
    • Membrane-bound vesicles: Cells secrete via membrane-bound vesicles (e.g., sebaceous glands, meibomian glands).
    • Cell lysis: The cell lysis and releases the entire contents of the cytoplasm and cell membrane during secretion (e.g., sebaceous glands, meibomian glands).

    Summary of Secretion Types

    • Viscid mucous poor in enzymes: Goblet cells and minor salivary glands.
    • Watery solution rich in enzymes: Parotid glands and pancreas.
    • Both types of secretions: Submandibular and sublingual glands.
    • Watery secretion containing some enzymes and waste products: Sweat glands.
    • Fatty secretion: Sebaceous and meibomian glands.
    • Waxy secretion: Ceruminous glands of the external ear canal.
    • Produce cells: Testis and ovary.

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