Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of secretory epithelial cells?
What is the primary function of secretory epithelial cells?
- Absorb nutrients from the digestive tract
- Synthesize and secrete macromolecules (correct)
- Provide structural support to tissues
- Transport ions across membranes
Which type of gland retains its connection to the surface epithelium?
Which type of gland retains its connection to the surface epithelium?
- Connective glands
- Exocrine glands (correct)
- Endocrine glands
- Unicellular glands
Which hormone-related mechanism occurs in endocrine glands?
Which hormone-related mechanism occurs in endocrine glands?
- Secretion directly into blood vessels (correct)
- Synthesis of proteins for digestion
- Absorption from the surrounding environment
- Transport via ducts to the surface
What type of secretory product does a mammary gland primarily secrete?
What type of secretory product does a mammary gland primarily secrete?
What is a characteristic feature of unicellular glands?
What is a characteristic feature of unicellular glands?
What initiates the development of glands during fetal life?
What initiates the development of glands during fetal life?
What do secretory granules primarily store within secretory epithelial cells?
What do secretory granules primarily store within secretory epithelial cells?
How are secretory units in exocrine glands structured?
How are secretory units in exocrine glands structured?
What are the main parts of exocrine glands?
What are the main parts of exocrine glands?
Which type of exocrine gland has ducts that are not branched?
Which type of exocrine gland has ducts that are not branched?
Which secretion is produced by acinar cells in the pancreas?
Which secretion is produced by acinar cells in the pancreas?
What is a unique feature of endocrine glands?
What is a unique feature of endocrine glands?
What type of secretion do serous cells primarily produce?
What type of secretion do serous cells primarily produce?
In which type of secretion do the entire cells disintegrate to release their secretory products?
In which type of secretion do the entire cells disintegrate to release their secretory products?
Which glands contain both serous and mucous cells?
Which glands contain both serous and mucous cells?
Which is a characteristic of merocrine glands?
Which is a characteristic of merocrine glands?
What type of secretory product do goblet cells primarily release?
What type of secretory product do goblet cells primarily release?
What types of ducts are found in the ductal system of compound glands?
What types of ducts are found in the ductal system of compound glands?
Which gland produces sebum?
Which gland produces sebum?
Which of the following glands discharges hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Which of the following glands discharges hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Which gland functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
Which gland functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
Which part of the exocrine gland is responsible for synthesizing and storing secretions?
Which part of the exocrine gland is responsible for synthesizing and storing secretions?
Flashcards
Secretory Epithelial Cells
Secretory Epithelial Cells
Epithelial cells, often found in glands, that are specialized for producing and releasing substances like proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates. These substances are stored in small membrane-bound sacs within the cells.
Unicellular Gland
Unicellular Gland
A type of gland composed of a single cell. These cells are scattered throughout simple epithelia. An example is the goblet cell, which secretes mucus.
Multicellular Gland
Multicellular Gland
A gland composed of multiple cells working together to secrete substances. These glands are often structured with secretory units and ducts for transport.
Exocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands
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Endocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
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Secretory Units
Secretory Units
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Stroma
Stroma
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Ducts
Ducts
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Capsule of an Exocrine Gland
Capsule of an Exocrine Gland
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Secretory Part of an Exocrine Gland
Secretory Part of an Exocrine Gland
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Ductal Part of an Exocrine Gland
Ductal Part of an Exocrine Gland
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Simple Gland
Simple Gland
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Compound Gland
Compound Gland
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Tubular Gland
Tubular Gland
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Acinar Gland
Acinar Gland
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Tubuloacinar Gland
Tubuloacinar Gland
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Intralobular Ducts
Intralobular Ducts
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Interlobular Ducts
Interlobular Ducts
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Main Duct
Main Duct
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Interlobar Ducts
Interlobar Ducts
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Study Notes
Epithelial Glands
- Epithelial cells synthesize and secrete various macromolecules, often forming glands
- Secretions are stored in secretory granules (membrane-bound vesicles)
- Secretions can be proteins (e.g., pancreas), lipids (e.g., adrenal, sebaceous glands), or carbohydrate-protein complexes (e.g., salivary glands)
- Mammary glands secrete all three types
Gland Classification by Cell Number
- Unicellular glands: Scattered secretory cells (e.g., goblet cells) found in simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified epithelia
- Multicellular glands: Composed of multiple secretory cells
Gland Classification by Development
- Develop from covering epithelia during fetal development
- Exocrine glands retain connection with surface epithelium, via ducts
- Endocrine glands lose this connection, have no ducts, and secrete hormones directly into blood vessels
Exocrine Gland Structure
- Composed of secretory portions and ducts for transporting secretions
- Supported by connective tissue stroma (internal support)
- Surrounded by capsule, with partitions separating into lobules
- Two main parts: secretory (synthesizes/stores) and ductal (transports)
Exocrine Gland Classification by Structure
- Simple glands: Unbranched ducts
- Compound glands: Branched ducts
- Tubular secretory portions: Short or long, coiled
- Acinar secretory portions: Rounded, sac-like
- Combinations (tubuloacinar) are possible in compound glands
Duct System of Compound Glands
- Intralobular ducts: Within lobules
- Interlobular ducts: Between lobules
- Interlobar ducts: Between lobes
- Main duct: Formed by the union of interlobar ducts, carries secretions from the whole gland
Gland Classification by Duct Presence
- Exocrine glands: Secrete into ducts or onto free surfaces (e.g., salivary glands)
- Endocrine glands: "Ductless" glands, secrete hormones into extracellular fluid, which then enters the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid, adrenal glands)
- Mixed glands: Have both exocrine and endocrine functions (e.g., pancreas)
- Pancreas:
- Exocrine: Acinar cells produce digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase)
- Exocrine: Duct cells produce bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
- Endocrine: Produces insulin (lowers blood sugar), and glucagon (raises blood sugar)
Gland Classification by Secretion Type
- Merocrine (eccrine): Majority of glands, no cell loss during secretion (e.g., salivary glands, pancreas)
- Apocrine: Apical parts of cells are pinched off and discharged (e.g., mammary glands)
- Holocrine: Secretory cells die and disintegrate, releasing their contents (e.g., sebaceous glands, secrete sebum)
Gland Classification by Secretion Cell Type
- Serous cells: Secrete proteins (e.g., digestive enzymes), pyramidal shape, basophilic staining, RER and Golgi are developed, filled apically with granules (e.g., pancreatic acini, parotid salivary glands)
- Mucous cells: Secrete mucins (heavily glycosylated proteins) forming mucus, rounded shape, acidophilic cytoplasm, flattened basal nuclei, (e.g., goblet cells, sublingual gland cells)
- Seromucous (mixed) glands: Combine serous and mucous cells; produce both digestive enzymes and mucus (e.g., submandibular salivary glands).
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