Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of secretory epithelial cells?
What is the primary function of secretory epithelial cells?
Which type of gland retains its connection to the surface epithelium?
Which type of gland retains its connection to the surface epithelium?
Which hormone-related mechanism occurs in endocrine glands?
Which hormone-related mechanism occurs in endocrine glands?
What type of secretory product does a mammary gland primarily secrete?
What type of secretory product does a mammary gland primarily secrete?
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What is a characteristic feature of unicellular glands?
What is a characteristic feature of unicellular glands?
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What initiates the development of glands during fetal life?
What initiates the development of glands during fetal life?
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What do secretory granules primarily store within secretory epithelial cells?
What do secretory granules primarily store within secretory epithelial cells?
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How are secretory units in exocrine glands structured?
How are secretory units in exocrine glands structured?
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What are the main parts of exocrine glands?
What are the main parts of exocrine glands?
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Which type of exocrine gland has ducts that are not branched?
Which type of exocrine gland has ducts that are not branched?
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Which secretion is produced by acinar cells in the pancreas?
Which secretion is produced by acinar cells in the pancreas?
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What is a unique feature of endocrine glands?
What is a unique feature of endocrine glands?
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What type of secretion do serous cells primarily produce?
What type of secretion do serous cells primarily produce?
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In which type of secretion do the entire cells disintegrate to release their secretory products?
In which type of secretion do the entire cells disintegrate to release their secretory products?
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Which glands contain both serous and mucous cells?
Which glands contain both serous and mucous cells?
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Which is a characteristic of merocrine glands?
Which is a characteristic of merocrine glands?
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What type of secretory product do goblet cells primarily release?
What type of secretory product do goblet cells primarily release?
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What types of ducts are found in the ductal system of compound glands?
What types of ducts are found in the ductal system of compound glands?
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Which gland produces sebum?
Which gland produces sebum?
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Which of the following glands discharges hormones directly into the bloodstream?
Which of the following glands discharges hormones directly into the bloodstream?
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Which gland functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
Which gland functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
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Which part of the exocrine gland is responsible for synthesizing and storing secretions?
Which part of the exocrine gland is responsible for synthesizing and storing secretions?
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Study Notes
Epithelial Glands
- Epithelial cells synthesize and secrete various macromolecules, often forming glands
- Secretions are stored in secretory granules (membrane-bound vesicles)
- Secretions can be proteins (e.g., pancreas), lipids (e.g., adrenal, sebaceous glands), or carbohydrate-protein complexes (e.g., salivary glands)
- Mammary glands secrete all three types
Gland Classification by Cell Number
- Unicellular glands: Scattered secretory cells (e.g., goblet cells) found in simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified epithelia
- Multicellular glands: Composed of multiple secretory cells
Gland Classification by Development
- Develop from covering epithelia during fetal development
- Exocrine glands retain connection with surface epithelium, via ducts
- Endocrine glands lose this connection, have no ducts, and secrete hormones directly into blood vessels
Exocrine Gland Structure
- Composed of secretory portions and ducts for transporting secretions
- Supported by connective tissue stroma (internal support)
- Surrounded by capsule, with partitions separating into lobules
- Two main parts: secretory (synthesizes/stores) and ductal (transports)
Exocrine Gland Classification by Structure
- Simple glands: Unbranched ducts
- Compound glands: Branched ducts
- Tubular secretory portions: Short or long, coiled
- Acinar secretory portions: Rounded, sac-like
- Combinations (tubuloacinar) are possible in compound glands
Duct System of Compound Glands
- Intralobular ducts: Within lobules
- Interlobular ducts: Between lobules
- Interlobar ducts: Between lobes
- Main duct: Formed by the union of interlobar ducts, carries secretions from the whole gland
Gland Classification by Duct Presence
- Exocrine glands: Secrete into ducts or onto free surfaces (e.g., salivary glands)
- Endocrine glands: "Ductless" glands, secrete hormones into extracellular fluid, which then enters the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid, adrenal glands)
- Mixed glands: Have both exocrine and endocrine functions (e.g., pancreas)
- Pancreas:
- Exocrine: Acinar cells produce digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase)
- Exocrine: Duct cells produce bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
- Endocrine: Produces insulin (lowers blood sugar), and glucagon (raises blood sugar)
Gland Classification by Secretion Type
- Merocrine (eccrine): Majority of glands, no cell loss during secretion (e.g., salivary glands, pancreas)
- Apocrine: Apical parts of cells are pinched off and discharged (e.g., mammary glands)
- Holocrine: Secretory cells die and disintegrate, releasing their contents (e.g., sebaceous glands, secrete sebum)
Gland Classification by Secretion Cell Type
- Serous cells: Secrete proteins (e.g., digestive enzymes), pyramidal shape, basophilic staining, RER and Golgi are developed, filled apically with granules (e.g., pancreatic acini, parotid salivary glands)
- Mucous cells: Secrete mucins (heavily glycosylated proteins) forming mucus, rounded shape, acidophilic cytoplasm, flattened basal nuclei, (e.g., goblet cells, sublingual gland cells)
- Seromucous (mixed) glands: Combine serous and mucous cells; produce both digestive enzymes and mucus (e.g., submandibular salivary glands).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of epithelial glands, including their classification and types of secretions. This quiz covers unicellular and multicellular glands, as well as exocrine and endocrine distinctions. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.
