Epithelial and Connective Tissue Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What function is primarily associated with epithelial tissue?

  • Transmitting nerve impulses
  • Covering surfaces and secreting substances (correct)
  • Facilitating body movements
  • Providing support and protection of tissues

    • Which domain of epithelial cells is exposed to the lumen or external environment?

  • Apical domain (correct)
  • Interstitial domain
  • Basal domain
  • Lateral domain

    • What component of the basement membrane is primarily responsible for cell adhesion?

  • Fibrinogen
  • Laminin (correct)
  • Reticular lamina
  • Collagen IV

    • Which type of epithelial tissue covers and protects underlying tissues?

    <p>Covering/lining epithelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure separates epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue?

    <p>Basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about connective tissue is accurate?

    <p>Connective tissue supports and protects other tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily found within the reticular lamina of the basement membrane?

    <p>Collagen III fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is NOT part of epithelial structure?

    <p>Contractile cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using super resolution microscopy like STED?

    <p>It allows for higher resolution by using a secondary laser to repress fluorescent molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopy technique is most suitable for observing the surface details of a metal sample?

    <p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cholesterol play in the plasma membrane?

    <p>It modulates the density and fluidity of the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of phospholipids contribute to the formation of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Their hydrophobic tails and polar heads form a bilayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy uses beams of electrons instead of visible light?

    <p>Electron microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteins in the plasma membrane?

    <p>They provide recognition and signaling functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopy technique is best suited for focusing on a single detail within a sample?

    <p>Confocal microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using a stereomicroscope?

    <p>It has a maximum magnification limit of 0.2 microns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phagocytosis?

    <p>To engulf bacteria or other particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the invagination of the cell membrane to create a vesicle containing extracellular fluid?

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In receptor-mediated endocytosis, what initiates the aggregation of receptors leading to vesicle formation?

    <p>Ligand binding to the receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does clathrin play in the process of endocytosis?

    <p>It coats vesicles and aids in their formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of exocytosis in a cell?

    <p>Increase of new membrane containing receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the binding of a ligand to its receptor affect signaling inside the cell?

    <p>It activates endocytosis of the complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of coated vesicles?

    <p>They exclusively transport ligands inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes receptor-mediated endocytosis from other types of endocytosis?

    <p>It is specific for certain ligands through binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecules can cross the membrane via simple diffusion?

    <p>Hydrophobic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do channel proteins play in membrane transport?

    <p>They facilitate passive diffusion of specific molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines the glycocalyx?

    <p>It is a sugar layer surrounding the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the Na/K pump?

    <p>It maintains the ion gradient by transporting Na out and K in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of oligosaccharide chains affect phospholipids and proteins in the membrane?

    <p>They stabilize the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes active transport from passive transport?

    <p>Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of proteoglycans in the cellular environment?

    <p>They form a gel-like structure due to water interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules can diffuse freely across the cell membrane?

    <p>$CO_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to water when it freezes slowly, and why is this significant?

    <p>It creates larger crystals, which can obscure tissue detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain is most effective for highlighting cellular cytoplasm structures?

    <p>Eosin stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a basophilic structure and how is it best stained?

    <p>Structure that is best stained with alkaline dyes, highlighting DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of PAS cell staining?

    <p>To delineate carbohydrates and certain mucins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the May-Grünwald-Giemsa method used specifically?

    <p>For analyzing blood and bone marrow cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind phase-contrast microscopy?

    <p>It combines small waves of light into a stronger wave when in phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antibodies play in immunochemistry?

    <p>They bind to antigens at specific regions called epitopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be inferred about cytoplasm that shows basophilic characteristics?

    <p>It is rich in DNA and is best stained with basic dyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of exosomes in cellular processes?

    <p>To facilitate communication and transport of substances between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cytoskeleton is responsible for forming the mitotic spindle during cell division?

    <p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure acts as an anchoring system for the primary cilium in quiescent cells?

    <p>Centriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signaling occurs in the primary cilium and why is it significant?

    <p>Intense signaling that captures various cellular signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cytoskeleton is formed by two strands of actin and is involved in cell motility?

    <p>Microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between myosin and microfilaments during cell migration?

    <p>Myosin pulls on actin microfilaments to generate tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exocytosis, what type of vesicle is released by the multivesicular bodies?

    <p>Smaller vesicles, each containing specific content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do microtubules differ from microfilaments in structure?

    <p>Microtubules are hollow tubes made of tubulin, microfilaments are solid fibers made of actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Histology

    • Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of normal tissues, allowing understanding of how tissues are built for their functions.
    • Tissues are organized collections of cells with similar morphological characteristics (epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective).
    • Cell size ranges from 10-30 micrometers.
    • Microscopes are used to study cellular structure.

    Light Transmission Microscopy

    • Uses visible light passing through a sample.
    • Objective lenses magnify and project the illuminated image to the eyepiece.
    • Common magnifications are X4 (low), X10 (medium), and X40 (high) for detailed views.
    • Specimen must be transparent, blood is transparent allowing observance of top of the coverglass. Non-transparent tissues need sectioning before viewing.
    • Tissue sections are 2-dimensional images of 3-dimensional tissues, orientation varying on the plane of the cut.

    Tissue Preparation

    • Fixation: Preserves tissue structure by cross-linking proteins and inactivating enzymes.
    • Dehydration: Tissue is transferred to increasingly concentrated alcohol solutions.
    • Clearing: Alcohol is removed with a miscible organic solvent.
    • Infiltration: Tissue is placed in melted paraffin/wax until completely infiltrated.
    • Embedding: Paraffin-infiltrated tissue is placed in a mold and allowed to harden.
    • Trimming: Paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue for microtome sectioning.

    Tissue Staining

    • Sections are stained to make structures visible and to highlight specific features.
    • Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) is the most common stain, staining cell nuclei blue and cytoplasm pink/red.
    • Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stains carbohydrates, such as glycogen and glycoproteins, magenta.

    Immunochemistry

    • A technique that uses antibodies to target specific molecules.
    • Antibodies are proteins produced by B-lymphocytes.
    • Antibodies can be labeled with fluorescent molecules to indicate target molecules, or enzymes to produce stains for visualization.

    Microscopy Techniques

    • Phase-contrast microscopy: Observe unstained samples without killing them. The different phases of light interacting with the object give a clearer picture of the object in the specimen.
    • Confocal microscopy: Focuses on one thin slice of a sample.
    • Stereo/dissecting microscope: 3D non-transparent objects, good for looking at big or non-transparent samples.
    • Super resolution microscopy: Methods like STORM and STED provide highly detailed images.
    • Electron microscopy: Uses electron beams instead of light; yields high magnification & resolution.
      • TEM (Transmission): electrons pass through the sample; gives 2D images of internal structure
      • SEM (Scanning): Electrons bounce off the sample; shows 3D surface features, usually of metallized samples.

    The Cell

    • The cell is the smallest unit of tissue.
    • The plasma membrane composed of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins, is selectively permeable.
    • Hyaluronic acid retains water, creating a jelly-like substance.
    • Membrane transport includes simple diffusion, channels, and carrier proteins.

    Cytoskeleton

    • Microtubules: hollow tubes formed by tubulin.
    • Microfilaments: composed of actin.
    • Intermediate Filaments: provide structural support.

    Organelles

    • Ribosomes: synthesize proteins.
    • Endoplasmic reticulum: involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism (rough has ribosomes attached, smooth doesn't).
    • Golgi apparatus: modifies and packages secretions, in the form of cisterns.
    • Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes that break down waste material.
    • Mitochondria: produce energy (ATP).
    • Peroxisomes: metabolize fatty acids and toxins.
    • Cellular inclusions and pigments
      • Lipid droplets store lipids as energy reserves.
      • Glycogen granules: aggregates of carbohydrate; store sugars (glucose).
      • Pigment deposits are structures like melanin which protect the nucleus from damage from light, or hemosiderin for iron.

    Cell Cycle

    • Describes the phases a cell goes through to grow and divide.
    • Interphase (stages G1, S, G2) precedes mitosis.
    • Mitosis has phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) leading to the creation of two daughter cells.

    The Nucleus

    • Control center of the cell; houses genetic material (DNA).
    • Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope).
    • Nucleolus is a site where ribosomes are assembled.
    • Chromatin/Chromosomes are DNA organized with proteins (histones).

    Cells in Tissues (e.g., of the skin)

    • Epithelium: Forms a protective layer or secretes substances.
    • Connective tissue: Supports and connects different tissue types.
    • Muscle: Enables movement.
    • Nervous tissue: Transmits nerve impulses.

    Types of Epithelial Tissues

    • Covering (or lining) epithelia (covers surfaces) and secretory/glandular epithelia (produces secretions).
    • Shapes: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (rectangular).
    • Layers: simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers).

    Gland Types

    • Exocrine glands: Secrete products through ducts (e.g. salivary glands).
    • Endocrine glands: Secrete products directly into the bloodstream (e.g. pituitary/thyroid glands).
    • Unicellular glands (individual secretory cells), such as goblet cells in the intestine.

    Cell Death

    • Necrosis: Traumatic or abnormal death of cells usually resulting inflammatory response.
    • Apoptosis: Programmed, controlled cell death, essential for development and tissue homeostasis, without inflammation.

    Bone Tissue

    • Mineralized connective tissue with cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts) and a matrix.
    • Compact bone (cortical) and spongy (trabecular bone).

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    Histology PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on key concepts related to epithelial and connective tissues, their structures, functions, and the microscopy techniques used to study them. Test your knowledge on cell types, basement membranes, and the roles of various cellular components. Perfect for students of biology and histology.

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