Epistemology: Rationalism vs Empiricism
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Questions and Answers

What is the source of knowledge for rationalism?

  • Sense experience
  • Reason (correct)
  • Scientific Method
  • Introspection

    • What does self-actualization primarily depend on according to humanistic psychology?

  • Financial success
  • Childhood experiences (correct)
  • Social recognition
  • Parental approval

    • Which perspective focuses on observable behaviors and their reinforcement?

  • Rationalism
  • Mentalism
  • Behaviorism (correct)
  • Humanism

    • Which of the following is NOT a part of the mind according to the concepts of mentalism?

    <p>Physical actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can excessive parental permissiveness in childhood lead to?

    <p>Increased anxiety and insecurity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept emphasizes understanding the individual as a whole rather than focusing on dysfunction?

    <p>Humanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mentalism, which state of mind contains memories and processes that are not currently within awareness?

    <p>Unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to behaviorism, how is the self defined?

    <p>By successful behaviors leading to outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for self-actualization according to Maslow?

    <p>Adequate parental love and esteem during childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Jonah complex refer to?

    <p>The fear of accepting new challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes self-actualization according to the content?

    <p>A state achieved through discipline and continuous testing of oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Carl Rogers' view on self-actualization differ from Maslow's?

    <p>Rogers believed in unconditional positive regard in personal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does unconditional positive regard refer to?

    <p>Acceptance and support free from judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attitude do self-actualizers typically have towards their routines?

    <p>They seek new challenges and abandon secure routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow, what is a critical requirement in the first two years of life?

    <p>Adequate parental love and satisfaction of basic needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feeling often accompanies the interests of self-actualizers when facing new possibilities?

    <p>A mix of fear and excitement about potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chief source and test of knowledge in rationalism?

    <p>Reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the metaphysical concept in rationalism imply?

    <p>Immutable truths understood through reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What philosophical approach suggests that individuals are born without mental content?

    <p>Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical concept refers to the dual nature of man comprising body and soul?

    <p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of monism suggest about human beings?

    <p>The self is composed of unitary and interconnected bodily mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to empiricism, how is knowledge primarily acquired?

    <p>Sensory experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does introspection entail in the context of understanding the self?

    <p>Reflection on one's own thoughts and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best summarizes the view of 'self' in empiricism?

    <p>The self develops through interactions with the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of behaviorism in learning?

    <p>Rewards and punishments influencing behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes 'nature' in the context of psychological perspectives?

    <p>Biological and genetic predispositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does maturity involve according to the discussed psychological perspectives?

    <p>The ability to make decisions according to one's level of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly differentiates between growth and development?

    <p>Growth refers to observable changes like height, whereas development refers to changes in skills and intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does nurture affect individual development according to the summary?

    <p>It shapes personality and cognitive abilities through environmental influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sexual maturation mentioned in the content?

    <p>Growth of facial and body hair in adolescents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective emphasizes helping individuals reach their fullest potential?

    <p>Humanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does maturation specifically refer to?

    <p>The biological processes that unfold genetic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of adolescence as described?

    <p>Cultural and social phenomenon varying by culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of physical development in boys during adolescence?

    <p>Voice deepening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the psychosocial aspects of adolescence?

    <p>Transition to relative independence from total socio-economic dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in both boys and girls during adolescence?

    <p>Development of body hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about sexual maturity during adolescence is accurate?

    <p>It commonly involves the onset of sexual activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common concern do adolescents have related to their physical development?

    <p>Concern over their changing body image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior might adolescents exhibit due to stress from physical development expectations?

    <p>Taking care of siblings or households</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an attribute of adolescence?

    <p>Complete emotional maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Epistemology

    • Theory of knowledge and how it relates to how humans can know what they know

    Two Ways of Classifying Knowledge

    • Rationalism
    • Empiricism

    Rationalism

    • Focuses on reason as the chief source of knowledge
    • Reason is the human capacity to think deeply, make wise choices, and understand eternal truths
    • Asserts that humans have an innate ability to understand what is or is not true, real, or right
    • Plato believed that reason is the highest and most powerful human capacity
    • Metaphysical Concept: reality that can be understood through the use of our reason
    • Dualism: The belief that humans are made up of both body and soul
      • Body: Imperfect, changeable, and transient
      • Soul: Unchanging, eternal and immortal
    • Introspection: Thinking deeply and reflecting on our own thoughts and feelings.

    Empiricism

    • Emphasizes sense experience as the foundation of knowledge.
    • Beliefs and knowledge are derived from our senses.
    • Empiricists believe that scientific methods are the best way to understand the world and determine what is true.
    • John Locke's Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate): Asserts that humans are born without any knowledge or innate abilities, and our minds are shaped by our experiences.
      • Experiences are the primary source for developing our sense of self.
      • Our interactions with the world around us shape who we become

    Monism in Empiricism

    • The view that humans are a single, unified being, with no independent parts.
    • The Self is defined by the body and its functions, particularly the brain.
      • The brain is seen as the control center for our thoughts, feelings, and actions

    Psychological Perspectives

    • Mentalism
    • Behaviorism
    • Humanism

    Mentalism

    • Focuses on mental processes as the primary determinants of behavior.
    • Mental processes include:
      • Conscious: Things we are aware of, including thoughts and feelings.
      • Preconscious: Things that are not currently in our awareness but can easily be brought to our conscious mind.
      • Unconscious: Memories and mental processes that are beyond our conscious awareness but still affect our behavior.

    Behaviorism

    • Examines the role of learning and environmental experiences in shaping behavior.
    • Asserts that behavior is shaped by rewards and punishment.
    • Our actions and behaviors, shaped by consequences, define who we are.

    Humanism

    • Humanistic psychology emphasizes the individual's capacity for growth, self-actualization, and fulfillment.
    • Focuses on understanding the whole person rather than just their problems or behaviors
    • Highlights the importance of free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization.

    Pioneers of Humanistic Psychology

    • Abraham Maslow
    • Carl Rogers

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Fundamental human needs, starting with basic survival, must be met in order to achieve self-actualization.

    The Importance of Childhood in Self-Actualization

    • Insufficiently nurtured children are less likely to achieve self-actualization.
      • Overprotected children may be inhibited and anxious, unable to fully express themselves.
      • Children who are not given enough love, security, and esteem may struggle to achieve self-actualization as adults.

    The Jonah Complex:

    • Describes an internal conflict in which individuals doubt their abilities and are afraid to take action to achieve their full potential.

    Courage and Self-Actualization

    • To achieve self-actualization takes courage, effort, discipline, and self-control.
    • We must be willing to challenge ourselves, break out of routines, and face new challenges

    Unconditional Positive Regard

    • Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard.
    • This is the idea that everyone needs to feel accepted, valued, and supported unconditionally in order to grow and develop their full potential.

    Three Domains of Human Development

    • Physical
    • Psychosocial
    • Cognitive

    Physical Development

    • Refers to changes in the body, maturation, and growth.
      • Notable physical changes during adolescence: Increased growth in height, development of sexual characteristics, production of hormones , physical changes that can lead to acne, and greater sweat production.

    The Physical Self

    • Focuses on how we perceive and feel about our bodies, particularly during adolescence.

    Nature vs Nurture

    • Nature refers to biological and genetic factors that influence human growth and development.
    • Nurture refers to environmental factors that influence our development.
    • Maturation: The unfolding of genetic traits across different stages of development.
    • Maturity: The ability to make decisions and behave in a way that is appropriate to one’s age.

    Adolescence

    • The transition period between childhood and adulthood
    • Characterized by rapid physical growth, development of sexual maturity, changes in social and emotional relationships, and the formation of an adult identity.
    • Significant cultural and social variations in adolescence.

    Nurture & Development

    • The environment plays a key role in our growth and development.
      • Nutrients in our food support growth and energy.
      • Our surroundings, including colors and textures, influence our senses.
      • The quality of our education and the influence of our families contribute to our development.

    Environment & Development

    • A stimulating environment provides the best conditions for growth and development.
    • Enriched environments lead to greater success in development.
    • The effects of nurture are often evident in the changes we observe in ourselves.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational theories of knowledge in this quiz on epistemology. Dive into the contrasts between rationalism, which emphasizes reason, and empiricism, which focuses on sensory experience. Understand how these theories shape our understanding of what we know and believe.

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