Epigenetics, Chromosomes, and Meiosis

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Questions and Answers

What happens to the expressed gene?

The expressed gene is turned on and is actively used and is turned on.

What does a methyl tag do to DNA?

A methyl tag tightens the DNA around a histone, silencing the gene.

What do epigenetic mutations change?

Epigenetic mutation changes what genes are expressed, not the actual sequence of genes.

What cells does diploid=2n also 46 consist of?

<p>Sperm(n) and egg(n) cell joined→ Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sister chromatids are duplicated chromosomes that have the same alleles for each gene.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homologous chromosomes have alleles for the same genes at a specific location.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of meiosis?

<p>The goal of meiosis is to make unique gamete cells with exactly half as many chromosomes as the starting cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does crossing over occur?

<p>occurs in meiosis 1, in prophase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during crossing over?

<p>h-pairs form a tetrad and exchange genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of Independent Assortment?

<p>Mesiosis 1→ chromosomes line up in random order and separate in diff. Groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does each cell contain during Independent Assortment?

<p>Each cell contains unique chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Meiosis 1?

<p>H-pairs are separated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Meiosis 1?

<p>Crossing over and independent assortment occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product at the end of meiosis?

<p>At the end of meiosis there are 2 haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to chromosomes during Mesiosis 2?

<p>Sister chromatids are separated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is created during Mesiosis 2?

<p>4 diploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the failure to separate chromosomes during meiosis?

<p>The failure to separate chromosomes during meiosis→ results in abnormal chromosome numbers in the gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Nondisjuction in Meiosis 1?

<p>Nondisjuction in Meiosis 1- Failed to split H-pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Chromosome Mutations-Deletion?

<p>Deletion- Gene is deleted</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the information during Chromosome Mutations-Inversion?

<p>Information is rearranged, not lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Transocaiton what is moved?

<p>Transocaiton- Moves genes from one chromosome to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do the chromosomes next to each other carry the same or different genetic information? (Mom and dad)

<p>The chromosomes next to each other carry same size shape, and genes in the same location, but have different genetic info both from mom and dad</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Sex chromosomes?

<p>Sex chromosomes - XX-female XY-male</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Autosomes?

<p>Autosomes- first 22 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Trisomy

<p>Trisomy- Extra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 47, XX +13 signify?

<p>47= # of chromomes; XX= gender; +13= Chromsome number w/ the addition or deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Spermatogenesis?

<p>Testes; Begins at puberty; 4 viable sperm cells produced; Uninterupted process; Countinous; Life long</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Oogenesis?

<p>Ovaries; Begins during embryonic development, cells halted in meiosis 1 until puberty; Produces 3 polar bodies and 1 ovum (egg cell)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are arrested stages in arrested stages?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does Oogenesis occur monthly from puberty?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does Oogenesis terminates with menopause?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epigenetics

The study of how genes are expressed; not the actual sequence of genes themselves.

Methyl Tag

A chemical tag that tightens DNA around a histone, preventing gene expression.

Acetyl Tag

A chemical tag that loosens the DNA strand, allowing the gene to be easily expressed.

Diploid

Cells containing two complete sets of chromosomes (2n).

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Haploid

Cells containing one set of chromosomes (n).

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Sister Chromatids

Duplicated chromosomes with identical alleles for each gene.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes with alleles for the same genes at a specific location.

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Meiosis

The goal is the production of unique gamete cells with half the number of chromosomes as the starting cell.

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Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

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Independent Assortment

Chromosomes line up and separate randomly during meiosis, creating unique genetic combinations.

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Study Notes

Epigenetics

  • An expressed gene is actively used after being turned on
  • Methyl tags silence genes by tightening DNA around a histone
  • Acetyl tags loosen DNA strands, allowing for gene expression
  • Epigenetic mutations change gene expression, not the actual gene sequence

Chromosomes

  • Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes (2n)
  • Sperm(n) and egg(n) join to form a diploid Zygote
  • Haploid cells have 23 chromosomes (n)
  • Egg and sperm cells are haploid
  • Sister chromatids are duplicated chromosomes that have the same alleles for each gene
  • Homologous chromosomes have alleles for the same genes at a specific location

Meiosis

  • The goal is to create unique gamete cells with half the chromosomes of the starting cells
  • Crossing over occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis 1
  • Homologous pairs form a tetrad and exchange genetic information during crossing over
  • Chromosomes have a unique combination of genetic variations
  • Independent assortment occurs in meiosis 1, where chromosomes line up randomly and separate into different groups
  • Each cell from independent assortment contains unique chromosomes
  • Homologous pairs separate in meiosis 1
  • Crossing over and independent assortment takes place in meiosis 1
  • Two haploid cells result at the end of meiosis 1
  • Sister chromatids separate in meiosis 2
  • Meiosis 2 results in 4 diploid cells

Nondisjunction

  • Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, leading to abnormal chromosome numbers in gametes
  • Failure to split homologous pairs in meiosis 1 is nondisjunction
  • Nondisjunction is failure to split sister chromatids in meiosis 2

Chromosome Mutations

  • Deletion: A gene is deleted
  • Duplication: A gene is copied
  • Inversion: A gene is broken and reattached in a different order, rearranging information without loss
  • Translocation: Genes are moved from one chromosome to another

Karyotypes

  • Chromosomes next to each other carry the same size, shape, and genes in the same location
  • Chromosomes have different genetic information from both parents (mom and dad)
  • Sex chromosomes: XX for female, XY for male
  • Autosomes: the first 22 chromosomes
  • Trisomy: An extra chromosome
  • Monosomy: A missing chromosome
  • 47, XX +13: 47 chromosomes, female, with an extra chromosome #13

Spermatogenesis

  • Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes
  • Starts at puberty
  • Produces 4 viable sperm cells
  • Continuous and uninterrupted process
  • Lifelong

Oogenesis

  • Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries
  • Begins during embryonic development; cells are halted in meiosis 1 until puberty
  • Produces 3 polar bodies and 1 ovum (egg cell)
  • Occurs monthly from puberty
  • Terminates with menopause
  • Arrested stages occur during oogenesis

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