PSL 250 Final Exam Learning Objectives
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Questions and Answers

What is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?

  • Dendritic cells
  • Tactile cells
  • Melanocytes
  • Keratinocytes (correct)
  • What is the function of melanin in the skin?

  • To form the structural framework of the skin
  • To stimulate sensory nerve endings
  • To protect the skin from UV radiation (correct)
  • To provide strength and resilience to the epidermis
  • What is the function of tactile cells in the epidermis?

  • To release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings (correct)
  • To produce keratin
  • To produce melanin
  • To fight infection in the epidermis
  • What is the role of epidermal dendritic cells in the epidermis?

    <p>To fight infection in the epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of keratin in the skin?

    <p>To provide strength and resilience to the epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layers of the epidermis are epidermal dendritic cells present?

    <p>Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thick filaments in the sarcomere?

    <p>To contain ATPase sites for muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division located?

    <p>Brainstem and sacral region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tropomyosin in a noncontracting muscle?

    <p>To cover the myosin binding sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the protein dystrophin in the sarcomere?

    <p>To anchor myofibrils to proteins within the sarcolemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sympathetic division?

    <p>To maintain homeostasis during times of stress, exercise, or emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of dual innervation of the same organ?

    <p>Opposing or antagonistic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ATPase site in the myosin protein molecule?

    <p>To split ATP into ADP and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thin filaments in the sarcomere?

    <p>To bind to myosin protein molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on heart rate?

    <p>Decreases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of axons are characteristic of the parasympathetic division?

    <p>Long axons with limited branching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the troponin protein in the sarcomere?

    <p>To bind to calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sympathetic division in times of stress?

    <p>To release nutrients from stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on motility in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>It increases motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?

    <p>To initiate the heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the heart?

    <p>To delay the conduction of the action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sensory receptors?

    <p>To convert various forms of stimulus energy into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of modality-gated channels in sensory receptors?

    <p>To open in response to specific stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure extends from the AV node into and through the interventricular septum?

    <p>AV bundle (bundle of His)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Purkinje fibers in the heart?

    <p>To propagate the action potential to the ventricular myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adaptation in sensory receptors?

    <p>Decreased sensitivity to a constant stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between tonic and phasic receptors in terms of adaptation?

    <p>Tonic receptors adapt slowly, while phasic receptors adapt quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of blood flow in the systemic circulation?

    <p>From the left side of the heart to the systemic cells and back to the right side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is adaptation important in sensory receptors?

    <p>To allow the nervous system to focus on new or changing stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the unidirectional flow of blood through the heart?

    <p>Oxygenated blood is delivered to the body's cells and deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the frontal lobe in the cerebrum?

    <p>Voluntary motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe is responsible for processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories?

    <p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Maintaining homeostasis during rest and digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe is involved in processing hearing and smell?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the insula in the cerebrum?

    <p>Interpreting taste and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parietal lobe in the cerebrum?

    <p>Processing general sensory input from the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the nervous system stimulates the release of hormones from endocrine glands?

    <p>Direct stimulation of endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hormones during enzymatic degradation?

    <p>They are broken down and rendered inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in hormone elimination?

    <p>To remove hormones from the blood and excrete them as a component of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of target cells in hormone elimination?

    <p>To metabolize or use hormones for cellular activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main components of a centrifuged blood sample?

    <p>Plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the combined effects of enzymatic degradation, excretion, and uptake of hormones?

    <p>A balance of hormone concentration in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the total blood volume that plasma makes up?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hormone erythropoietin?

    <p>Regulating red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which new red blood cells are produced in the body?

    <p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of erythropoiesis take place in the body?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the process of erythropoiesis?

    <p>7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the buffy coat in the blood?

    <p>To house white blood cells and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the right side of the heart?

    <p>To receive deoxygenated blood from the body and pump it to the lungs for oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of the separation of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in the heart?

    <p>It ensures that the body receives a constant supply of oxygenated blood while efficiently removing deoxygenated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the heart?

    <p>Conical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the valves between the atria and ventricles?

    <p>To ensure the one-way flow of blood through the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the heart compared to a clenched fist?

    <p>Approximately the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the heart in the body?

    <p>Thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

    <p>To filter blood and convert the filtrate into urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ureters in the urinary system?

    <p>To transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the urinary bladder in the urinary system?

    <p>To store urine until it is eliminated from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidneys in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>They play a crucial role in regulating ion levels, acid-base balance, and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidneys in the synthesis of calcitriol?

    <p>They are involved in the synthesis of calcitriol, a hormone that increases the absorption of calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall function of the urinary system?

    <p>To filter and eliminate waste products from the body while maintaining the balance of essential substances in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of secondary active transport in cells?

    <p>To regulate cellular homeostasis by moving substances against their concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

    <p>The presence or absence of plasma membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of facilitated diffusion involves the movement of ions through specific water-filled protein channels?

    <p>Channel-mediated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of facilitated diffusion in cells?

    <p>To move substances down their concentration gradient without using energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport process does not require the cell to expend energy?

    <p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of channel-mediated and carrier-mediated diffusion?

    <p>Both involve the assistance of plasma membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of positive feedback in the body?

    <p>To initiate a rapid and intense response to a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

    <p>A solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solvent, while a solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a strong acid?

    <p>It dissociates in water to produce a high concentration of hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of dissociation of a compound in a solvent?

    <p>The breakdown of a compound into its constituent ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an anion in a solution?

    <p>It is a negatively charged ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an acid and a base?

    <p>An acid is a substance that donates a hydrogen ion, while a base is a substance that accepts a hydrogen ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?

    <p>Providing protection against UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second function of skeletal muscle in the human body?

    <p>Maintaining posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of skeletal muscle in the elimination of materials?

    <p>Contracting and relaxing sphincters at the openings of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between keratin and melanin in the integumentary system?

    <p>Keratin and melanin are essential for the overall health and functioning of the integumentary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of skeletal muscle in the process of wound healing?

    <p>Playing a role in the healing process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does skeletal muscle produce heat in the body?

    <p>Through the use of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proteins that make up the thin filaments in the sarcomere?

    <p>Forming a helical shape to facilitate muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein covers the myosin binding sites in a noncontracting muscle?

    <p>Tropomyosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ATPase site in the myosin protein molecule?

    <p>Splitting ATP into ADP and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thick filaments in the sarcomere?

    <p>Composed of myosin protein molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for anchoring myofibrils to proteins within the sarcolemma?

    <p>Connectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the regulatory proteins in the thin filaments?

    <p>Regulating the contraction of muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the total amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute?

    <p>Cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electrical event that triggers the contraction of the atria?

    <p>Atrial depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average resting value of cardiac output in liters per minute?

    <p>5.25 liters per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of blood ejected from the heart during one heartbeat?

    <p>Stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the QRS complex on the ECG a reflection of?

    <p>Ventricular depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average resting value of heart rate in beats per minute?

    <p>75 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

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