PSL 250 Final Exam Learning Objectives

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What is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?

Dendritic cells

Tactile cells

Melanocytes

Keratinocytes (correct)

What is the function of melanin in the skin?

To form the structural framework of the skin

To stimulate sensory nerve endings

To protect the skin from UV radiation (correct)

To provide strength and resilience to the epidermis

What is the function of tactile cells in the epidermis?

To release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings (correct)

To produce keratin

To produce melanin

To fight infection in the epidermis

What is the role of epidermal dendritic cells in the epidermis?

To fight infection in the epidermis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of keratin in the skin?

To provide strength and resilience to the epidermis Signup and view all the answers

In which layers of the epidermis are epidermal dendritic cells present?

Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thick filaments in the sarcomere?

To contain ATPase sites for muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division located?

Brainstem and sacral region Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tropomyosin in a noncontracting muscle?

To cover the myosin binding sites Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the protein dystrophin in the sarcomere?

To anchor myofibrils to proteins within the sarcolemma Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sympathetic division?

To maintain homeostasis during times of stress, exercise, or emergency Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of dual innervation of the same organ?

Opposing or antagonistic effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ATPase site in the myosin protein molecule?

To split ATP into ADP and phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thin filaments in the sarcomere?

To bind to myosin protein molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on heart rate?

Decreases heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What type of axons are characteristic of the parasympathetic division?

Long axons with limited branching Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the troponin protein in the sarcomere?

To bind to calcium ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sympathetic division in times of stress?

To release nutrients from stores Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on motility in the gastrointestinal tract?

It increases motility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?

To initiate the heartbeat Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the heart?

To delay the conduction of the action potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory receptors?

To convert various forms of stimulus energy into electrical signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of modality-gated channels in sensory receptors?

To open in response to specific stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which structure extends from the AV node into and through the interventricular septum?

AV bundle (bundle of His) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Purkinje fibers in the heart?

To propagate the action potential to the ventricular myocardium Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adaptation in sensory receptors?

Decreased sensitivity to a constant stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between tonic and phasic receptors in terms of adaptation?

Tonic receptors adapt slowly, while phasic receptors adapt quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of blood flow in the systemic circulation?

From the left side of the heart to the systemic cells and back to the right side Signup and view all the answers

Why is adaptation important in sensory receptors?

To allow the nervous system to focus on new or changing stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the unidirectional flow of blood through the heart?

Oxygenated blood is delivered to the body's cells and deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe in the cerebrum?

Voluntary motor functions Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is responsible for processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories?

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Maintaining homeostasis during rest and digestion Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is involved in processing hearing and smell?

Temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the insula in the cerebrum?

Interpreting taste and memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parietal lobe in the cerebrum?

Processing general sensory input from the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the nervous system stimulates the release of hormones from endocrine glands?

Direct stimulation of endocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hormones during enzymatic degradation?

They are broken down and rendered inactive Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in hormone elimination?

To remove hormones from the blood and excrete them as a component of urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of target cells in hormone elimination?

To metabolize or use hormones for cellular activities Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main components of a centrifuged blood sample?

Plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the combined effects of enzymatic degradation, excretion, and uptake of hormones?

A balance of hormone concentration in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of the total blood volume that plasma makes up?

55% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hormone erythropoietin?

Regulating red blood cell production Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which new red blood cells are produced in the body?

Erythropoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Where does the process of erythropoiesis take place in the body?

Red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the process of erythropoiesis?

7 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the buffy coat in the blood?

To house white blood cells and platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the right side of the heart?

To receive deoxygenated blood from the body and pump it to the lungs for oxygenation Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of the separation of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in the heart?

It ensures that the body receives a constant supply of oxygenated blood while efficiently removing deoxygenated blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the heart?

Conical Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the valves between the atria and ventricles?

To ensure the one-way flow of blood through the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the heart compared to a clenched fist?

Approximately the same Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the heart in the body?

Thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

To filter blood and convert the filtrate into urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ureters in the urinary system?

To transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the urinary bladder in the urinary system?

To store urine until it is eliminated from the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in regulating blood pressure?

They play a crucial role in regulating ion levels, acid-base balance, and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in the synthesis of calcitriol?

They are involved in the synthesis of calcitriol, a hormone that increases the absorption of calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall function of the urinary system?

To filter and eliminate waste products from the body while maintaining the balance of essential substances in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of secondary active transport in cells?

To regulate cellular homeostasis by moving substances against their concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

The presence or absence of plasma membrane proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of facilitated diffusion involves the movement of ions through specific water-filled protein channels?

Channel-mediated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of facilitated diffusion in cells?

To move substances down their concentration gradient without using energy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transport process does not require the cell to expend energy?

Passive transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of channel-mediated and carrier-mediated diffusion?

Both involve the assistance of plasma membrane proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of positive feedback in the body?

To initiate a rapid and intense response to a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

A solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solvent, while a solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a strong acid?

It dissociates in water to produce a high concentration of hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of dissociation of a compound in a solvent?

The breakdown of a compound into its constituent ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an anion in a solution?

It is a negatively charged ion Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an acid and a base?

An acid is a substance that donates a hydrogen ion, while a base is a substance that accepts a hydrogen ion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?

Providing protection against UV radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the second function of skeletal muscle in the human body?

Maintaining posture Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of skeletal muscle in the elimination of materials?

Contracting and relaxing sphincters at the openings of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between keratin and melanin in the integumentary system?

Keratin and melanin are essential for the overall health and functioning of the integumentary system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle in the process of wound healing?

Playing a role in the healing process Signup and view all the answers

How does skeletal muscle produce heat in the body?

Through the use of energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the proteins that make up the thin filaments in the sarcomere?

Forming a helical shape to facilitate muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which protein covers the myosin binding sites in a noncontracting muscle?

Tropomyosin Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ATPase site in the myosin protein molecule?

Splitting ATP into ADP and phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thick filaments in the sarcomere?

Composed of myosin protein molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is responsible for anchoring myofibrils to proteins within the sarcolemma?

Connectin Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the regulatory proteins in the thin filaments?

Regulating the contraction of muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the total amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute?

Cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the electrical event that triggers the contraction of the atria?

Atrial depolarization Signup and view all the answers

What is the average resting value of cardiac output in liters per minute?

5.25 liters per minute Signup and view all the answers

PSL 250 Final Exam Learning Objectives

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Questions and Answers

What is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?

What is the function of melanin in the skin?

What is the function of tactile cells in the epidermis?

What is the role of epidermal dendritic cells in the epidermis?

What is the function of keratin in the skin?

In which layers of the epidermis are epidermal dendritic cells present?

What is the primary function of the thick filaments in the sarcomere?

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division located?

What is the role of tropomyosin in a noncontracting muscle?

What is the function of the protein dystrophin in the sarcomere?

What is the function of the sympathetic division?

What is the result of dual innervation of the same organ?

What is the purpose of the ATPase site in the myosin protein molecule?

What is the function of the thin filaments in the sarcomere?

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on heart rate?

What type of axons are characteristic of the parasympathetic division?

What is the role of the troponin protein in the sarcomere?

What is the role of the sympathetic division in times of stress?

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on motility in the gastrointestinal tract?

What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?

What is the purpose of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the heart?

What is the primary function of sensory receptors?

What is the purpose of modality-gated channels in sensory receptors?

Which structure extends from the AV node into and through the interventricular septum?

What is the function of the Purkinje fibers in the heart?

What is the result of adaptation in sensory receptors?

What is the difference between tonic and phasic receptors in terms of adaptation?

What is the direction of blood flow in the systemic circulation?

Why is adaptation important in sensory receptors?

What is the result of the unidirectional flow of blood through the heart?

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe in the cerebrum?

Which lobe is responsible for processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories?

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Which lobe is involved in processing hearing and smell?

What is the function of the insula in the cerebrum?

What is the primary function of the parietal lobe in the cerebrum?

What is the primary mechanism by which the nervous system stimulates the release of hormones from endocrine glands?

What happens to hormones during enzymatic degradation?

What is the primary function of the kidneys in hormone elimination?

What is the role of target cells in hormone elimination?

What are the three main components of a centrifuged blood sample?

What is the result of the combined effects of enzymatic degradation, excretion, and uptake of hormones?

What is the approximate percentage of the total blood volume that plasma makes up?

What is the primary function of the hormone erythropoietin?

What is the name of the process by which new red blood cells are produced in the body?

Where does the process of erythropoiesis take place in the body?

What is the duration of the process of erythropoiesis?

What is the purpose of the buffy coat in the blood?

What is the main function of the right side of the heart?

What is the benefit of the separation of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in the heart?

What is the shape of the heart?

What is the purpose of the valves between the atria and ventricles?

What is the size of the heart compared to a clenched fist?

What is the location of the heart in the body?

What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

What is the role of the ureters in the urinary system?

What is the function of the urinary bladder in the urinary system?

What is the role of the kidneys in regulating blood pressure?

What is the role of the kidneys in the synthesis of calcitriol?

What is the overall function of the urinary system?

What is the primary function of secondary active transport in cells?

What is the key difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Which type of facilitated diffusion involves the movement of ions through specific water-filled protein channels?

What is the primary function of facilitated diffusion in cells?

Which type of transport process does not require the cell to expend energy?

What is the common characteristic of channel-mediated and carrier-mediated diffusion?

What is the primary function of positive feedback in the body?

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

What is the characteristic of a strong acid?

What is the result of dissociation of a compound in a solvent?

What is the role of an anion in a solution?

What is the difference between an acid and a base?

What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?

What is the second function of skeletal muscle in the human body?

What is the role of skeletal muscle in the elimination of materials?

What is the relationship between keratin and melanin in the integumentary system?

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle in the process of wound healing?