90 Questions
What is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
What is the function of melanin in the skin?
To protect the skin from UV radiation
What is the function of tactile cells in the epidermis?
To release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings
What is the role of epidermal dendritic cells in the epidermis?
To fight infection in the epidermis
What is the function of keratin in the skin?
To provide strength and resilience to the epidermis
In which layers of the epidermis are epidermal dendritic cells present?
Stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum
What is the primary function of the thick filaments in the sarcomere?
To contain ATPase sites for muscle contraction
Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division located?
Brainstem and sacral region
What is the role of tropomyosin in a noncontracting muscle?
To cover the myosin binding sites
What is the function of the protein dystrophin in the sarcomere?
To anchor myofibrils to proteins within the sarcolemma
What is the function of the sympathetic division?
To maintain homeostasis during times of stress, exercise, or emergency
What is the result of dual innervation of the same organ?
Opposing or antagonistic effects
What is the purpose of the ATPase site in the myosin protein molecule?
To split ATP into ADP and phosphate
What is the function of the thin filaments in the sarcomere?
To bind to myosin protein molecules
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on heart rate?
Decreases heart rate
What type of axons are characteristic of the parasympathetic division?
Long axons with limited branching
What is the role of the troponin protein in the sarcomere?
To bind to calcium ions
What is the role of the sympathetic division in times of stress?
To release nutrients from stores
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on motility in the gastrointestinal tract?
It increases motility
What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
To initiate the heartbeat
What is the purpose of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the heart?
To delay the conduction of the action potential
What is the primary function of sensory receptors?
To convert various forms of stimulus energy into electrical signals
What is the purpose of modality-gated channels in sensory receptors?
To open in response to specific stimuli
Which structure extends from the AV node into and through the interventricular septum?
AV bundle (bundle of His)
What is the function of the Purkinje fibers in the heart?
To propagate the action potential to the ventricular myocardium
What is the result of adaptation in sensory receptors?
Decreased sensitivity to a constant stimulus
What is the difference between tonic and phasic receptors in terms of adaptation?
Tonic receptors adapt slowly, while phasic receptors adapt quickly
What is the direction of blood flow in the systemic circulation?
From the left side of the heart to the systemic cells and back to the right side
Why is adaptation important in sensory receptors?
To allow the nervous system to focus on new or changing stimuli
What is the result of the unidirectional flow of blood through the heart?
Oxygenated blood is delivered to the body's cells and deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs
What is the primary function of the frontal lobe in the cerebrum?
Voluntary motor functions
Which lobe is responsible for processing incoming visual information and storing visual memories?
Occipital lobe
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Maintaining homeostasis during rest and digestion
Which lobe is involved in processing hearing and smell?
Temporal lobe
What is the function of the insula in the cerebrum?
Interpreting taste and memory
What is the primary function of the parietal lobe in the cerebrum?
Processing general sensory input from the skin
What is the primary mechanism by which the nervous system stimulates the release of hormones from endocrine glands?
Direct stimulation of endocrine glands
What happens to hormones during enzymatic degradation?
They are broken down and rendered inactive
What is the primary function of the kidneys in hormone elimination?
To remove hormones from the blood and excrete them as a component of urine
What is the role of target cells in hormone elimination?
To metabolize or use hormones for cellular activities
What are the three main components of a centrifuged blood sample?
Plasma, buffy coat, and red blood cells
What is the result of the combined effects of enzymatic degradation, excretion, and uptake of hormones?
A balance of hormone concentration in the blood
What is the approximate percentage of the total blood volume that plasma makes up?
55%
What is the primary function of the hormone erythropoietin?
Regulating red blood cell production
What is the name of the process by which new red blood cells are produced in the body?
Erythropoiesis
Where does the process of erythropoiesis take place in the body?
Red bone marrow
What is the duration of the process of erythropoiesis?
7 days
What is the purpose of the buffy coat in the blood?
To house white blood cells and platelets
What is the main function of the right side of the heart?
To receive deoxygenated blood from the body and pump it to the lungs for oxygenation
What is the benefit of the separation of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in the heart?
It ensures that the body receives a constant supply of oxygenated blood while efficiently removing deoxygenated blood
What is the shape of the heart?
Conical
What is the purpose of the valves between the atria and ventricles?
To ensure the one-way flow of blood through the heart
What is the size of the heart compared to a clenched fist?
Approximately the same
What is the location of the heart in the body?
Thoracic cavity
What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?
To filter blood and convert the filtrate into urine
What is the role of the ureters in the urinary system?
To transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
What is the function of the urinary bladder in the urinary system?
To store urine until it is eliminated from the body
What is the role of the kidneys in regulating blood pressure?
They play a crucial role in regulating ion levels, acid-base balance, and blood pressure
What is the role of the kidneys in the synthesis of calcitriol?
They are involved in the synthesis of calcitriol, a hormone that increases the absorption of calcium
What is the overall function of the urinary system?
To filter and eliminate waste products from the body while maintaining the balance of essential substances in the blood
What is the primary function of secondary active transport in cells?
To regulate cellular homeostasis by moving substances against their concentration gradient
What is the key difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
The presence or absence of plasma membrane proteins
Which type of facilitated diffusion involves the movement of ions through specific water-filled protein channels?
Channel-mediated diffusion
What is the primary function of facilitated diffusion in cells?
To move substances down their concentration gradient without using energy
Which type of transport process does not require the cell to expend energy?
Passive transport
What is the common characteristic of channel-mediated and carrier-mediated diffusion?
Both involve the assistance of plasma membrane proteins
What is the primary function of positive feedback in the body?
To initiate a rapid and intense response to a stimulus
What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?
A solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solvent, while a solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute
What is the characteristic of a strong acid?
It dissociates in water to produce a high concentration of hydrogen ions
What is the result of dissociation of a compound in a solvent?
The breakdown of a compound into its constituent ions
What is the role of an anion in a solution?
It is a negatively charged ion
What is the difference between an acid and a base?
An acid is a substance that donates a hydrogen ion, while a base is a substance that accepts a hydrogen ion
What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
Providing protection against UV radiation
What is the second function of skeletal muscle in the human body?
Maintaining posture
What is the role of skeletal muscle in the elimination of materials?
Contracting and relaxing sphincters at the openings of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts
What is the relationship between keratin and melanin in the integumentary system?
Keratin and melanin are essential for the overall health and functioning of the integumentary system
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle in the process of wound healing?
Playing a role in the healing process
How does skeletal muscle produce heat in the body?
Through the use of energy
What is the primary function of the proteins that make up the thin filaments in the sarcomere?
Forming a helical shape to facilitate muscle contraction
Which protein covers the myosin binding sites in a noncontracting muscle?
Tropomyosin
What is the purpose of the ATPase site in the myosin protein molecule?
Splitting ATP into ADP and phosphate
What is the function of the thick filaments in the sarcomere?
Composed of myosin protein molecules
Which protein is responsible for anchoring myofibrils to proteins within the sarcolemma?
Connectin
What is the function of the regulatory proteins in the thin filaments?
Regulating the contraction of muscle fibers
What is the term for the total amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute?
Cardiac output
What is the electrical event that triggers the contraction of the atria?
Atrial depolarization
What is the average resting value of cardiac output in liters per minute?
5.25 liters per minute
What is the term for the amount of blood ejected from the heart during one heartbeat?
Stroke volume
What is the QRS complex on the ECG a reflection of?
Ventricular depolarization
What is the average resting value of heart rate in beats per minute?
75 beats per minute
Learn about the different cell types present in the epidermis, including keratinocytes and melanocytes, and their roles in maintaining skin integrity and function. Discover how these cells contribute to the skin's barrier properties and pigmentation.
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