Epidemiology Overview and Terminology
50 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What defines chronic symptoms in medical terms?

  • Symptoms that tend to recur over a long period. (correct)
  • Symptoms that have previously resolved and returned.
  • Symptoms that improve or disappear over time.
  • Symptoms experienced only sporadically.

Which type of transmission is associated with Hepatitis A?

  • Airborne transmission.
  • Contaminated food. (correct)
  • Blood contact.
  • Sexual contact.

What is the causative agent of Gas Gangrene?

  • Clostridium perfringens. (correct)
  • Escherichia coli.
  • Clostridium tetani.
  • Staphylococcus aureus.

Which of the following statements is true about schistosomiasis?

<p>It is commonly transmitted by snails. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of relapsing symptoms?

<p>They return after being previously resolved. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major mode of transmission for tuberculosis?

<p>Airborne transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection is described as sporadic with potential to become endemic?

<p>Worm infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infectious disease is caused by HIV?

<p>AIDS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epidemic results from exposure to a single contaminated source?

<p>Common-source Epidemic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism helps a population resist the spread of infectious organisms?

<p>Herd Immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a healthy carrier?

<p>An individual who carries the pathogen but shows no symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carrier is characterized by having an overt clinical case of a disease?

<p>Active Carrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains antigenic drift?

<p>Small, gradual changes in a pathogen's antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of airborne transmission?

<p>Pathogens suspended in air traveling more than a meter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a chronic carrier from other types of carriers?

<p>Holds the pathogen for months or years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a clinical microbiology laboratory in disease causation?

<p>Isolation and identification of pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases caused by mosquitoes can lead to hemorrhagic symptoms?

<p>Dengue fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes communicable diseases from non-communicable diseases?

<p>Communicable diseases are caused by pathogenic microbes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transmission is associated with Ebola virus disease?

<p>Contact transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transmission involves direct physical interaction between an infected person and a host?

<p>Contact Transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definitive mode of transmission for Meningococcemia?

<p>Airborne transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes passive escape of pathogens?

<p>Excretion in various bodily fluids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with both AH1N1 and Bird flu infections?

<p>Respiratory infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are diseases classified in terms of their duration?

<p>Communicable diseases are acute. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pathognomonic signs from diagnostic signs?

<p>They indicate a specific cause with high certainty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following diseases is NOT caused by mosquito bites?

<p>Plague (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes microorganisms adhering to dust particles?

<p>Dust Particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epidemic does Anthrax represent?

<p>Common source epidemic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vehicle transmission example describes a single vehicle spreading a pathogen to multiple hosts?

<p>Common Vehicle Transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes symptoms?

<p>Subjective experiences reported by patients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does disease susceptibility depend on?

<p>The host's defense mechanisms and pathogen's pathogenicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not categorized as a type of disease sign?

<p>Symptomatic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a pandemic?

<p>Long-term increase in frequency in a large, usually worldwide, population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a disease that occurs occasionally at irregular intervals?

<p>Sporadic Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is morbidity rate?

<p>Number of new cases in a specific time per unit of population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an outbreak?

<p>An epidemic-like increase occurring in a very limited segment of the population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes zoonosis?

<p>Diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease is characterized by a gradual increase in frequency above the endemic level?

<p>Hyper Endemic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes 'Symptoms' in disease surveillance?

<p>Subjective changes experienced by the patient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period?

<p>A period after the pathogen enters the body with no symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the female genital tract?

<p>To maintain an acidic pH in the vagina and cervix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an opportunistic pathogen from a primary pathogen?

<p>Opportunistic pathogens are part of the normal microbiota but can cause disease under certain conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'commensal' in relation to normal microbiota?

<p>The parasite gains from the host without harming it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do microbes in the large intestine play in relation to pathogenic microbes?

<p>They compete with pathogenic microbes and release inhibitory substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an ectoparasite?

<p>It lives on the surface of the host (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'virulence' refer to in terms of a pathogenic organism?

<p>The degree of pathogenicity of an organism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can stress impact the microbial community in the colon?

<p>It can disturb the self-regulating nature of the community (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a final host in the context of parasitology?

<p>The host where the parasite reaches sexual maturity or reproduces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'infectious disease'?

<p>A change from a state of health due to a parasitic infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which host type is essential for the initial development of a parasite?

<p>Intermediate host (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epidemiology

The study of how diseases spread and affect populations, including their occurrence, causes, distribution, and control.

Sporadic Disease

A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly in a population.

Endemic Disease

A disease that consistently occurs at low levels in a population.

Epidemic

A sudden and significant increase in the number of cases of a disease in a population.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pandemic

A disease outbreak that spreads rapidly across a large geographical area, often worldwide.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Morbidity Rate

The rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population during a specific period.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prevalence Rate

The proportion of a population that is infected with a disease at a specific point in time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Incubation Period

The time between when a pathogen enters the body and when symptoms appear.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Common-source Epidemic

An epidemic where all affected individuals are exposed to a shared contaminated source (like food or water), resulting in a rapid increase and subsequent decline in cases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Propagated Epidemic

An epidemic that spreads through a population by person-to-person transmission, leading to a gradual increase and decline in cases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Herd Immunity

A population's resistance to an infectious disease due to a high percentage of individuals being immune, achieved through vaccination, quarantine, or avoiding contaminated sources.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antigenic Shift

A significant change in the surface proteins of a pathogen, making it unrecognizable to the host's immune system (like new flu strains).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disease Source

The immediate location from which organisms are transmitted to the host.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disease Reservoir

The natural environment where an organism normally resides and thrives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Active Carrier

An infected individual who is actively experiencing symptoms of the disease and can transmit it to others.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Convalescent Carrier

An individual who has recovered from a disease but still harbors the pathogen and can transmit it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anamnestic

An indication of a past medical condition in a patient.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Symptoms

Symptoms that tend to recur over a long period of time, like migraines or frequent fevers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relapsing Symptoms

Symptoms that have occurred previously, were considered resolved, but have returned.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Remitting Symptoms

Symptoms that improve or disappear over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vehicular Transmission

Transmission of a disease through an inanimate object, like contaminated water or air.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sporadic

Infectious diseases that occur infrequently and without a clear pattern.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Zoonotic Disease

A disease that is transmitted from animals to humans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Droplet Nuclei

Tiny particles released from the respiratory system during activities like sneezing, coughing, or talking. These particles contain pathogens and can spread diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dust Particles

Small pieces of matter that readily collect microorganisms, potentially spreading infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Direct Contact Transmission

A disease spreads directly from an infected person to a healthy person through physical contact.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Indirect Contact Transmission

An infected person contaminates an object, and a healthy person touches that object, transferring the pathogen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Common Vehicle Transmission

A single source, such as food or water, spreads the pathogen to multiple people.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fomites

Inanimate objects that can carry and spread disease, like surgical instruments or bedding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vector-borne Transmission

Living organisms, like insects or animals, transmit pathogens to humans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Signs vs. Symptoms

Signs are observable health issues, like a rash, that can be identified by anyone. Symptoms are subjective experiences that only the patient can describe, like a headache.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vector Transmission

The spread of a disease through an intermediary organism, such as a mosquito or tick, that carries the pathogen from one host to another.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Disease

A disease that has a rapid onset and a relatively short duration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Disease

A disease that persists for a long period of time, often for months or years.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Communicable Disease

A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another, directly or indirectly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Communicable Disease

A disease that cannot be spread from person to person.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are colon microbes?

The largest microbial population in the human body, mainly residing in the large intestine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How are colon microbes regulated?

The colon microbial community is self-regulating, but can be disrupted by various factors including stress, diet, and antibiotics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is peristalsis?

The wave-like muscular contractions that move food and waste through the digestive tract.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is segmentation?

A type of muscle contraction in the digestive system that serves to mix and break down food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is desquamation?

Shedding of cells from the lining of the digestive tract, contributing to the formation of stool.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of mucus in the colon?

Mucus lubricates the passage of stool and helps protect the colon lining.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a UTI?

A Urinary Tract Infection, a bacterial infection affecting any part of the urinary system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the key bacteria inhabiting the female genital tract?

Lactobacillus acidophilus predominates and is crucial for maintaining a healthy acidic pH in the vagina.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a mutual relationship in microbiota?

A symbiotic relationship where both the host and the microbiota benefit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a compromised host?

A host with weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Epidemiology

  • The science that evaluates the occurrence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease in a defined human population.
  • Epidemiologist: one who practices epidemiology.
  • Health: a state of physical and mental well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
  • Disease: an impairment of an organism which hinders vital function.

Epidemiological Terminology

  • Sporadic Disease: occurs occasionally at irregular intervals in a human population.
  • Endemic Disease: maintains a relatively low level frequency at a moderately regular interval. (Examples: flue, dengue, malaria, sore eyes, tigdas)
  • Hyper Endemic: gradual increase in frequency above the endemic level, but not to the epidemic level.
  • Epidemic: sudden increase in frequency above endemic level.
  • Index Case: the first case in an epidemic (first person infected).
  • Outbreak: epidemic-like increase in frequency, but in a very limited (focal) segment of the population.
  • Pandemic: long-term increase in frequency in a large (usually worldwide) population (Examples: COVID 19, monkeypox, HIV).
  • Enzootic: moderate prevalence in animals.
  • Epizootic: sudden outbreak of disease in animals.
  • Zoonosis: diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans (e.g., rabies).

Frequency Rates

  • Morbidity Rate: number of new cases in a specific time per unit of population (newly infected).
  • Prevalence Rate: number of individuals infected at any one time per unit of population (all infected).
  • Mortality Rate: number of individuals who died during a time period.

Disease Surveillance

  • Signs: objective changes in the body (e.g., fever, rash).
  • Symptoms: subjective changes experienced by the patient (e.g., pain, appetite).
  • Syndrome: set of signs and symptoms characteristic of a disease.

Patterns of Disease

  • Incubation Period: the period after pathogen enters the body with no signs or symptoms.
  • Prodromal Period: onset of signs and symptoms that are not clear enough for diagnostic.
  • Period of Illness: the disease is most severe.
  • Period of Decline (Convalescence): signs and symptoms begin to disappear.

Epidemic Recognition

  • Common-source Epidemic: a sharp rise to peak and then rapid but not pronounced decline in cases, resulting from exposure of all infected individuals to a single common source (e.g., food or water contamination).
  • Propagated Epidemic: gradual increase and decrease in cases. An infected individual infects others until many are infected.
  • Herd Immunity: resistance of a population to infection due to the immunity of a large percentage of the population (achieved by vaccination, quarantine, avoiding contact).
  • Antigenic Shift: change in the antigenic (protein) character of the pathogen.

Infectious Disease Cycle

  • Disease Cause: the clinical microbiology laboratory plays a role in identifying the infectious agent.
  • Disease Source or Reservoir: location where organisms immediately transmit to the host, or where organisms normally found in the environment.
  • Disease Carrier: infected individual who may be a potential source of pathogen.

Disease Transmission

  • Airborne Transmission: pathogen suspended in air.
  • Contact Transmission: direct or indirect person-to-person touching or physical interaction.
  • Vehicle Transmission: transmission when inanimate materials or objects are involved.
  • Vector-borne Transmission: when a living intermediary carries the pathogen.

Types of Signs

  • Diagnostic Signs: help a doctor diagnose a medical problem.
  • Pathognomonic Signs: similar to diagnostic but with greater certainty.
  • Prognostic Signs: help predict a patient's health outcome.
  • Anamnestic Signs: indicator of a past medical condition.

Types of Symptoms

  • Chronic Symptoms: tend to recur over a long period.
  • Relapsing Symptoms: previously resolved symptoms that return.
  • Remitting Symptoms: improve or disappear.

Common Infectious Diseases

  • Various diseases (e.g., worm infections, diarrheal diseases, schistosomiasis, spongiform encephalopathy, hepatitis infections, tetanus, gas gangrene, leprosy, poliomyelitis, AIDS, chickenpox, influenza, measles, mumps, diphtheria, pertussis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, rabies, sore eyes, skin infections, mosquito-borne infections (e.g., Dengue, Zika, and Malaria), flea/tick-borne infections (e.g., Plague), AH1N1, bird flu, anthrax, and meningoccoccemia) are listed.

Communicable vs. Non-Communicable Diseases

  • Duration: communicable diseases are acute (short-term), while non-communicable are chronic (long-term).
  • Seasonality: communicable diseases are often seasonal.
  • Cause: communicable are caused by pathogenic microbes, while non-communicable are caused by other factors.
  • Inheritance: non-communicable diseases can be inherited.
  • Spread: communicable diseases can spread, while non-communicable do not (e.g., diabetes, cancer).
  • Signs/Symptoms: communicable are often quickly obvious, while non-communicable may not be.
  • Observed: communicable are often less severe while non-communicable often more serious and long term.
  • Diagnosis: communicable diseases have more straightforward diagnosis compared to non-communicable.

Normal Microbiota

  • Endosymbiosis: inside the body.
  • Ectosymbiosis: outside the body.
  • Lists the microbes found on the skin, nose, oropharynx (throat), respiratory tract, mouth, eyes, ears, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine/colon.

Further Topics (from pages 14-17):

  • Relationship of Microbiota to the Host: mutualism, commensalism, pathogenicity, opportunism, role of microbes.
  • Parasitology and Infectious Diseases: parasitism, host-parasite interaction (ectoparasites/endoparasites).
  • Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases:
    • host entry
    • contact and susceptible cells
  • Pathogenesis of Bacterial Diseases:
    • reservoir maintenance
    • host transportation
  • Transformative Viruses: transforming host cells into cancer cells
  • Various other detailed microbiology concepts are discussed; these notes provide a general overview.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Microbiology Lectures PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of epidemiology, including the concepts of health, disease, and various types of epidemiological terms such as endemic, epidemic, and sporadic diseases. This quiz is designed to help you understand the key terms and principles essential for studying the distribution and determinants of health in populations.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser