K14 Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a malaria case or infection in which the infection was acquired outside the area in which it is diagnosed?

Imported case (correct)

Introduced case

Local transmission

Indigenous case

Which of the following diseases is NOT a tick-borne disease?

Typhus

Relapsing fever

Leishmaniasis (correct)

Lyme Disease

What is the term for a malaria case contracted locally with no evidence of importation and no direct link to transmission from an imported case?

Local transmission

Introduced case

Imported case

Indigenous case (correct)

Which of the following diseases is a flea-borne disease?

Plague Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a malaria case contracted locally, with strong epidemiological evidence linking it directly to a known imported case?

Introduced case Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT a fly-borne disease?

Plague Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a malaria case that is contracted locally, but has evidence of importation?

Introduced case Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions had the highest number of malaria cases according to the figure from 2013 to 2017?

Sabah and Sarawak Signup and view all the answers

What is the objective of case investigations and case follow-up in malaria control?

To identify sources of infection and confirm whether it is an indigenous case or otherwise Signup and view all the answers

What is the current insecticide used in Malaysia for malaria control, replacing DDT?

Malathion Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for regular insecticide spraying in malarious areas?

Every 6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by pathogenic spiral bacteria that belong to the genus Leptospira?

Leptospirosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common reservoir of Leptospira bacteria?

Rodents (rats) Signup and view all the answers

What is the format of the insecticide used for spraying in endemic areas?

Water dispersable particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of entomological investigations in malaria control?

To observe the geographical distribution of vectors, vectors density, and behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of entry of Leptospira bacteria into the human body?

When mucous membranes or abraded skin come in contact with contaminated environmental sources Signup and view all the answers

How does human leptospirosis typically occur?

Through direct or indirect contact with contaminated urine, water, or soil from infected animals Signup and view all the answers

What is a common location where leptospirosis bacteria may thrive?

Freshwater, damp alkaline soil, vegetation, and mud with temperatures higher than 22°C Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of leptospirosis?

It is contagious and can be spread from human to human Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended control measure to prevent leptospirosis?

Wearing protective clothing like footwear and covering cuts and wounds with waterproof bandages or dressing Signup and view all the answers

How is Japanese encephalitis virus typically spread to people?

Through the bite of an infected mosquito Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reservoir for Japanese encephalitis virus?

Pigs and birds Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Japanese encephalitis?

It is typically asymptomatic or mild in most people Signup and view all the answers

What is a common early symptom of severe Japanese encephalitis?

Fever, headache, and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program in Malaysia?

To reduce the transmission of filariasis infestation Signup and view all the answers

How many states in Malaysia are endemic to filariasis infestation?

8 Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose for primary immunization against filariasis using live, attenuated virus vaccine?

0.5 mL as single dose Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of people infected with lymphatic filariasis worldwide?

120 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fogging in pigsties with fenitrothion, malathion, and deltamethrin?

To control mosquito breeding Signup and view all the answers

How many rounds of the mass drug administration (MDA) program have been conducted in Malaysia?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended interval for booster dose of live, attenuated virus vaccine?

5 years after the primary dose Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the repellent mentioned in the content?

DEET Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of the research paper published in 2020 by Hussin et al.?

Updates on malaria incidence and profile in Malaysia from 2013 to 2017 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following macaque species is NOT mentioned in the content?

Macaca mulatta Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the research paper that studied the distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria cases in Malaysia?

Chin et al. (2020) Signup and view all the answers

How many P.cy cases were reported in Thailand?

21 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the research paper that studied the emergence of other zoonotic simian malaria infections in Malaysia and neighboring countries?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of malaria?

P.hp Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the mosquito species that is a vector for Plasmodium knowlesi?

Anopheles leucosphyrus Signup and view all the answers

How many P.in cases were reported in Sabah?

19 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vector-Borne Diseases

Fly-borne diseases: Sand fly fever, Leishmaniasis
Flea-borne diseases: Plague
Tick-borne diseases: Lyme Disease, Relapsing fever, Typhus

Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases

Malaria: imported case, introduced case, indigenous case
Annual reported malaria cases and deaths in Malaysia (2000-2018)
Malaria cases by Plasmodium species in Sabah and Sarawak (2013-2017)
Malaria cases by Plasmodium species in Peninsular Malaysia (2013-2017)

Malaria

Distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria cases by state in Malaysia (2018)
Knowlesi malaria cases in Southeast Asia
Anopheles mosquitoes as vectors
Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina, and Presbytis melalophos as hosts
Emergence of other zoonotic simian malaria infections in Malaysia and neighboring countries

Malaria Control Measures

Case investigations/case follow-up to identify sources of infection
Vector Control: micro-stratification of areas, insecticide spraying, insecticide-treated bednets, anti-larval operations
Regular spraying of insecticides (e.g., DDT, malathion, Resigen) in endemic areas
Entomological investigations: geographical distribution of vectors, vectors density, and behavior
Community participation: health education, lectures, exhibitions, pamphlets, posters, and video

Leptospirosis

General background: most common zoonotic disease worldwide, caused by Leptospira bacteria
Epidemiology: rodents, dogs, livestock, wild animals, and cats as reservoirs
Human leptospirosis results from direct or indirect contact with contaminated urine, water, or soil
Not contagious between humans

Leptospirosis Control Measures

Avoid contact with contaminated water or soil
Avoid touching objects contaminated with animal urine
Wear protective clothing and cover cuts and wounds
Make water safe to drink by boiling or using chemical treatment

Japanese Encephalitis

General background: virus spread through infected mosquito bites
Found in pigs and birds, passed to mosquitoes when they bite infected animals
Not contagious between humans
Most people experience mild or no symptoms

Japanese Encephalitis Control Measures

Cover breeding places (e.g., puddles of water) with sand
Keep pigsties clean
Isolate pig farms from villages and make them mosquito-proof
Vaccination: live, attenuated virus vaccine (primary immunization and booster dose)
Use repellent (e.g., DEET)

Filariasis

General background: lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major cause of permanent disability
Epidemiology: endemic in 8 states in Malaysia; 120 million people infected worldwide
Control measures: mass drug administration (MDA) program and National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program

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Description

This quiz covers various diseases spread through vectors like flies, fleas, and ticks, including malaria, leishmaniasis, and lyme disease. It also explores the epidemiology of these diseases.