40 Questions
What is the term for a malaria case or infection in which the infection was acquired outside the area in which it is diagnosed?
Imported case
Which of the following diseases is NOT a tick-borne disease?
Leishmaniasis
What is the term for a malaria case contracted locally with no evidence of importation and no direct link to transmission from an imported case?
Indigenous case
Which of the following diseases is a flea-borne disease?
Plague
What is the term for a malaria case contracted locally, with strong epidemiological evidence linking it directly to a known imported case?
Introduced case
Which of the following diseases is NOT a fly-borne disease?
Plague
What is the term for a malaria case that is contracted locally, but has evidence of importation?
Introduced case
Which of the following regions had the highest number of malaria cases according to the figure from 2013 to 2017?
Sabah and Sarawak
What is the objective of case investigations and case follow-up in malaria control?
To identify sources of infection and confirm whether it is an indigenous case or otherwise
What is the current insecticide used in Malaysia for malaria control, replacing DDT?
Malathion
What is the recommended frequency for regular insecticide spraying in malarious areas?
Every 6 months
What is the name of the disease caused by pathogenic spiral bacteria that belong to the genus Leptospira?
Leptospirosis
What is the most common reservoir of Leptospira bacteria?
Rodents (rats)
What is the format of the insecticide used for spraying in endemic areas?
Water dispersable particles
What is the purpose of entomological investigations in malaria control?
To observe the geographical distribution of vectors, vectors density, and behavior
What is the route of entry of Leptospira bacteria into the human body?
When mucous membranes or abraded skin come in contact with contaminated environmental sources
How does human leptospirosis typically occur?
Through direct or indirect contact with contaminated urine, water, or soil from infected animals
What is a common location where leptospirosis bacteria may thrive?
Freshwater, damp alkaline soil, vegetation, and mud with temperatures higher than 22°C
What is NOT a characteristic of leptospirosis?
It is contagious and can be spread from human to human
What is a recommended control measure to prevent leptospirosis?
Wearing protective clothing like footwear and covering cuts and wounds with waterproof bandages or dressing
How is Japanese encephalitis virus typically spread to people?
Through the bite of an infected mosquito
What is a common reservoir for Japanese encephalitis virus?
Pigs and birds
What is a characteristic of Japanese encephalitis?
It is typically asymptomatic or mild in most people
What is a common early symptom of severe Japanese encephalitis?
Fever, headache, and vomiting
What is the primary purpose of the National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program in Malaysia?
To reduce the transmission of filariasis infestation
How many states in Malaysia are endemic to filariasis infestation?
8
What is the recommended dose for primary immunization against filariasis using live, attenuated virus vaccine?
0.5 mL as single dose
What is the estimated number of people infected with lymphatic filariasis worldwide?
120 million
What is the purpose of fogging in pigsties with fenitrothion, malathion, and deltamethrin?
To control mosquito breeding
How many rounds of the mass drug administration (MDA) program have been conducted in Malaysia?
5
What is the recommended interval for booster dose of live, attenuated virus vaccine?
5 years after the primary dose
What is the name of the repellent mentioned in the content?
DEET
What is the title of the research paper published in 2020 by Hussin et al.?
Updates on malaria incidence and profile in Malaysia from 2013 to 2017
Which of the following macaque species is NOT mentioned in the content?
Macaca mulatta
What is the name of the research paper that studied the distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria cases in Malaysia?
Chin et al. (2020)
How many P.cy cases were reported in Thailand?
21
What is the name of the research paper that studied the emergence of other zoonotic simian malaria infections in Malaysia and neighboring countries?
None of the above
Which of the following is NOT a type of malaria?
P.hp
What is the name of the mosquito species that is a vector for Plasmodium knowlesi?
Anopheles leucosphyrus
How many P.in cases were reported in Sabah?
19
Study Notes
Vector-Borne Diseases
- Fly-borne diseases: Sand fly fever, Leishmaniasis
- Flea-borne diseases: Plague
- Tick-borne diseases: Lyme Disease, Relapsing fever, Typhus
Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases
- Malaria: imported case, introduced case, indigenous case
- Annual reported malaria cases and deaths in Malaysia (2000-2018)
- Malaria cases by Plasmodium species in Sabah and Sarawak (2013-2017)
- Malaria cases by Plasmodium species in Peninsular Malaysia (2013-2017)
Malaria
- Distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria cases by state in Malaysia (2018)
- Knowlesi malaria cases in Southeast Asia
- Anopheles mosquitoes as vectors
- Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina, and Presbytis melalophos as hosts
- Emergence of other zoonotic simian malaria infections in Malaysia and neighboring countries
Malaria Control Measures
- Case investigations/case follow-up to identify sources of infection
- Vector Control: micro-stratification of areas, insecticide spraying, insecticide-treated bednets, anti-larval operations
- Regular spraying of insecticides (e.g., DDT, malathion, Resigen) in endemic areas
- Entomological investigations: geographical distribution of vectors, vectors density, and behavior
- Community participation: health education, lectures, exhibitions, pamphlets, posters, and video
Leptospirosis
- General background: most common zoonotic disease worldwide, caused by Leptospira bacteria
- Epidemiology: rodents, dogs, livestock, wild animals, and cats as reservoirs
- Human leptospirosis results from direct or indirect contact with contaminated urine, water, or soil
- Not contagious between humans
Leptospirosis Control Measures
- Avoid contact with contaminated water or soil
- Avoid touching objects contaminated with animal urine
- Wear protective clothing and cover cuts and wounds
- Make water safe to drink by boiling or using chemical treatment
Japanese Encephalitis
- General background: virus spread through infected mosquito bites
- Found in pigs and birds, passed to mosquitoes when they bite infected animals
- Not contagious between humans
- Most people experience mild or no symptoms
Japanese Encephalitis Control Measures
- Cover breeding places (e.g., puddles of water) with sand
- Keep pigsties clean
- Isolate pig farms from villages and make them mosquito-proof
- Vaccination: live, attenuated virus vaccine (primary immunization and booster dose)
- Use repellent (e.g., DEET)
Filariasis
- General background: lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major cause of permanent disability
- Epidemiology: endemic in 8 states in Malaysia; 120 million people infected worldwide
- Control measures: mass drug administration (MDA) program and National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program
This quiz covers various diseases spread through vectors like flies, fleas, and ticks, including malaria, leishmaniasis, and lyme disease. It also explores the epidemiology of these diseases.
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