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Questions and Answers
What is the primary responsibility of the ICS board in the context of health protection response?
What is the primary responsibility of the ICS board in the context of health protection response?
- Leading the public health teams in outbreak surge response
- Conducting face-to-face investigations and enforcement
- Setting the 5 year operating framework to deliver the 10 year strategy (correct)
- Setting the 10 year strategy for the ICS
Which of the following is NOT a function of the UKHSA health protection teams?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the UKHSA health protection teams?
- Outbreak response
- Transmission vector analysis
- Face-to-face investigation and enforcement (correct)
- Infectious disease notification
In the initial stages of an outbreak investigation, what is the primary purpose of identifying the cohort at risk?
In the initial stages of an outbreak investigation, what is the primary purpose of identifying the cohort at risk?
- To establish the case definition
- To predict the geographic spread of the outbreak
- To determine the transmission vector
- To identify potential sources of exposure (correct)
Which of the following is a key goal of transmission disruption in an outbreak response?
Which of the following is a key goal of transmission disruption in an outbreak response?
What is the primary distinction between an outbreak and a pandemic?
What is the primary distinction between an outbreak and a pandemic?
Which of the following is a key component of public health governance in the context of health protection response?
Which of the following is a key component of public health governance in the context of health protection response?
Which of the following is NOT a statutory responsibility of the local authority public health teams?
Which of the following is NOT a statutory responsibility of the local authority public health teams?
What is the primary role of the Health and Wellbeing Board?
What is the primary role of the Health and Wellbeing Board?
Which of the following organizations is NOT a member of the Health and Wellbeing Board?
Which of the following organizations is NOT a member of the Health and Wellbeing Board?
What is the primary goal of the Health and Wellbeing Board's vision?
What is the primary goal of the Health and Wellbeing Board's vision?
Which of the following is a component of the public health system in Birmingham?
Which of the following is a component of the public health system in Birmingham?
What is the primary role of the NHS Integrated Care System in Birmingham?
What is the primary role of the NHS Integrated Care System in Birmingham?
Which of the following is NOT a partner in the public health system in Birmingham?
Which of the following is NOT a partner in the public health system in Birmingham?
What is the governance structure of the NHS Integrated Care System in Birmingham?
What is the governance structure of the NHS Integrated Care System in Birmingham?
What is the minimum number of cases required to declare an epidemic outbreak?
What is the minimum number of cases required to declare an epidemic outbreak?
Which of the following is NOT a response strategy to COVID-19?
Which of the following is NOT a response strategy to COVID-19?
What is the primary role of surveillance in responding to COVID-19?
What is the primary role of surveillance in responding to COVID-19?
What is the term for a disease that is consistently present and prevalent in a particular region or population?
What is the term for a disease that is consistently present and prevalent in a particular region or population?
What is the primary challenge in responding to COVID-19, according to the content?
What is the primary challenge in responding to COVID-19, according to the content?
What is the term for a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region?
What is the term for a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region?
What is the highest level of alarm declared by the WHO in response to the COVID-19 outbreak?
What is the highest level of alarm declared by the WHO in response to the COVID-19 outbreak?
What is the primary goal of contact tracing in responding to COVID-19?
What is the primary goal of contact tracing in responding to COVID-19?
Study Notes
Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics
- An outbreak can become an epidemic if not quickly controlled
- Endemic refers to a disease that belongs to a particular people or country
- Epidemic is a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region
- Pandemic is an epidemic that's spread over multiple countries or continents
COVID-19 Timeline
- 31 Dec 2019: WHO detected cases of 'viral pneumonia' in Wuhan, China
- 9 Jan 2020: WHO reported that Chinese authorities determined the outbreak was caused by a novel coronavirus
- 22-23 Jan 2020: WHO director-general convened an IHR emergency committee regarding the outbreak
- 30 Jan 2020: WHO declared the novel coronavirus outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)
- 11 Mar 2020: WHO assessed that COVID-19 could be characterized as a pandemic
COVID-19 in Birmingham
- Up to 24th March 2022: Over 330,000 confirmed cases, 7.4 million reported tests, 21,600 hospital admissions, 3,680 deaths, and over 750,000 citizens with at least 1 dose of vaccine
Responding to COVID-19
- Testing: PCR and LFD
- Surveillance
- Case and outbreak management
- Contact tracing
- Community engagement
- Communication and media
- System resilience
Challenges and Opportunities
- Challenges: Science, Kit, Capacity, Engagement, Politics, and Baseline resilience (Health, Community, Economic)
- Opportunities: Partnership working, Accelerated innovation, Community engagement
Health Protection Response Structures
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) health protection teams: Infectious disease notification, Outbreak response, Toxin/environmental response
- Local authority response: Public health teams, Environmental health teams
- Police and enforcement
Initial Stages
- Case definition: Symptoms
- Cohort at risk: Who is affected?
- Time frame of exposure: When did symptoms start?
- Geography of exposure: Where are they now and where have they been?
- Transmission vector: How might it have been spread?
- Diagnosis: Which tests or investigation might be needed?
- Transmission disruption
What is a Pandemic?
- An outbreak is a greater-than-anticipated increase in the number of endemic cases
- It can also be a single case in a new area
Public Health System
- Local system partners come together through the Health and Wellbeing Board
- Partners include: Local government public health, NHS, Community and voluntary sector, Academic sector, and Business community
Inequalities in Birmingham
- (No specific details provided)
Birmingham City Council Public Health Structure
- Statutory responsibilities: Health and wellbeing board, Joint strategic needs assessment, Commissioning of mandated public health services, Provision of public health specialist advice
- Health and wellbeing board: Vision is to create a city where every citizen can make choices that empower them to be happy and healthy
NHS Integrated Care System
- Birmingham and Solihull is an integrated care system supporting around 1.4m people
- Governance is through NHS ICS board and ICS partnership
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Description
Learn the differences between outbreak, endemic, and epidemic, with examples of diseases and regions. Understand how diseases affect populations and communities.
