Lecture 10.2 - SARS-CoV-2 - the Public health perspective

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary responsibility of the ICS board in the context of health protection response?

Leading the public health teams in outbreak surge response

Conducting face-to-face investigations and enforcement

Setting the 5 year operating framework to deliver the 10 year strategy (correct)

Setting the 10 year strategy for the ICS

Which of the following is NOT a function of the UKHSA health protection teams?

Outbreak response

Transmission vector analysis

Face-to-face investigation and enforcement (correct)

Infectious disease notification

In the initial stages of an outbreak investigation, what is the primary purpose of identifying the cohort at risk?

To establish the case definition

To predict the geographic spread of the outbreak

To determine the transmission vector

To identify potential sources of exposure (correct)

Which of the following is a key goal of transmission disruption in an outbreak response?

To prevent further transmission of the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between an outbreak and a pandemic?

An outbreak is a sudden increase in cases, while a pandemic is a widespread increase in cases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of public health governance in the context of health protection response?

ICS partnership Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a statutory responsibility of the local authority public health teams?

Implementation of pandemic response strategies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Health and Wellbeing Board?

To protect and improve the health and wellbeing of the population Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organizations is NOT a member of the Health and Wellbeing Board?

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Health and Wellbeing Board's vision?

To create a city where every citizen can make choices that empower them to be happy and healthy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the public health system in Birmingham?

Local government public health Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the NHS Integrated Care System in Birmingham?

To support the health and wellbeing of around 1.4m people Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a partner in the public health system in Birmingham?

Private healthcare providers Signup and view all the answers

What is the governance structure of the NHS Integrated Care System in Birmingham?

Through the NHS ICS Board and ICS Partnership Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of cases required to declare an epidemic outbreak?

No specific number is required Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a response strategy to COVID-19?

Economic stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of surveillance in responding to COVID-19?

Detecting new cases Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a disease that is consistently present and prevalent in a particular region or population?

Endemic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in responding to COVID-19, according to the content?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region?

Epidemic Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest level of alarm declared by the WHO in response to the COVID-19 outbreak?

Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of contact tracing in responding to COVID-19?

Interrupting transmission chains Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics

An outbreak can become an epidemic if not quickly controlled
Endemic refers to a disease that belongs to a particular people or country
Epidemic is a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region
Pandemic is an epidemic that's spread over multiple countries or continents

COVID-19 Timeline

31 Dec 2019: WHO detected cases of 'viral pneumonia' in Wuhan, China
9 Jan 2020: WHO reported that Chinese authorities determined the outbreak was caused by a novel coronavirus
22-23 Jan 2020: WHO director-general convened an IHR emergency committee regarding the outbreak
30 Jan 2020: WHO declared the novel coronavirus outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)
11 Mar 2020: WHO assessed that COVID-19 could be characterized as a pandemic

COVID-19 in Birmingham

Up to 24th March 2022: Over 330,000 confirmed cases, 7.4 million reported tests, 21,600 hospital admissions, 3,680 deaths, and over 750,000 citizens with at least 1 dose of vaccine

Responding to COVID-19

Testing: PCR and LFD
Surveillance
Case and outbreak management
Contact tracing
Community engagement
Communication and media
System resilience

Challenges and Opportunities

Challenges: Science, Kit, Capacity, Engagement, Politics, and Baseline resilience (Health, Community, Economic)
Opportunities: Partnership working, Accelerated innovation, Community engagement

Health Protection Response Structures

UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) health protection teams: Infectious disease notification, Outbreak response, Toxin/environmental response
Local authority response: Public health teams, Environmental health teams
Police and enforcement

Initial Stages

Case definition: Symptoms
Cohort at risk: Who is affected?
Time frame of exposure: When did symptoms start?
Geography of exposure: Where are they now and where have they been?
Transmission vector: How might it have been spread?
Diagnosis: Which tests or investigation might be needed?
Transmission disruption

What is a Pandemic?

An outbreak is a greater-than-anticipated increase in the number of endemic cases
It can also be a single case in a new area

Public Health System

Local system partners come together through the Health and Wellbeing Board
Partners include: Local government public health, NHS, Community and voluntary sector, Academic sector, and Business community

Inequalities in Birmingham

(No specific details provided)

Birmingham City Council Public Health Structure

Statutory responsibilities: Health and wellbeing board, Joint strategic needs assessment, Commissioning of mandated public health services, Provision of public health specialist advice
Health and wellbeing board: Vision is to create a city where every citizen can make choices that empower them to be happy and healthy

NHS Integrated Care System

Birmingham and Solihull is an integrated care system supporting around 1.4m people
Governance is through NHS ICS board and ICS partnership

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Description

Learn the differences between outbreak, endemic, and epidemic, with examples of diseases and regions. Understand how diseases affect populations and communities.