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Epidemiology: Associations and Risk Ratios

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Epidemiology: Associations and Risk Ratios

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Questions and Answers

What is the concept of a necessary cause in a causal association?

The presence of the cause necessarily implies the presence of the outcome.

The presence of the cause alone implies the occurrence of the outcome.

The presence of the outcome implies the presence of the cause. (correct)

The presence of the outcome is irrelevant to the presence of the cause.

What can be inferred about a sufficient cause of an outcome?

The presence of another cause is necessary for the outcome to occur.

The presence of the outcome implies the presence of the cause.

The presence of the cause alone can cause the outcome. (correct)

The presence of the cause is irrelevant to the occurrence of the outcome.

What is the difference between a necessary and sufficient cause?

A sufficient cause is always present, while a necessary cause is not always present.

A necessary cause cannot cause the outcome on its own, while a sufficient cause can. (correct)

A necessary cause is always present, while a sufficient cause is not always present.

A necessary cause can cause the outcome on its own, while a sufficient cause cannot.

In Rothman's causality pies, what is represented by each individual case?

A combination of causes that can lead to the outcome. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about 'A' in the example of disease X?

A is a necessary cause of disease X. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a necessary but not sufficient cause and a sufficient but not necessary cause?

One can cause the outcome on its own, while the other cannot. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of distinguishing between necessary and sufficient causes?

To understand the complex relationships between causes and outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about a cause that is neither necessary nor sufficient?

It may be present in some cases, but not always. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Rothman's causality pies?

Each outcome has a combination of specific causes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of identifying necessary causes in a causal association?

It helps to identify the causes that are always present when the outcome occurs. Signup and view all the answers