Epidemiology: Associations and Risk Ratios
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Questions and Answers

What is the concept of a necessary cause in a causal association?

  • The presence of the cause necessarily implies the presence of the outcome.
  • The presence of the cause alone implies the occurrence of the outcome.
  • The presence of the outcome implies the presence of the cause. (correct)
  • The presence of the outcome is irrelevant to the presence of the cause.

    • What can be inferred about a sufficient cause of an outcome?

  • The presence of another cause is necessary for the outcome to occur.
  • The presence of the outcome implies the presence of the cause.
  • The presence of the cause alone can cause the outcome. (correct)
  • The presence of the cause is irrelevant to the occurrence of the outcome.

    • What is the difference between a necessary and sufficient cause?

  • A sufficient cause is always present, while a necessary cause is not always present.
  • A necessary cause cannot cause the outcome on its own, while a sufficient cause can. (correct)
  • A necessary cause is always present, while a sufficient cause is not always present.
  • A necessary cause can cause the outcome on its own, while a sufficient cause cannot.

    • In Rothman's causality pies, what is represented by each individual case?

    <p>A combination of causes that can lead to the outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about 'A' in the example of disease X?

    <p>A is a necessary cause of disease X.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between a necessary but not sufficient cause and a sufficient but not necessary cause?

    <p>One can cause the outcome on its own, while the other cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of distinguishing between necessary and sufficient causes?

    <p>To understand the complex relationships between causes and outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about a cause that is neither necessary nor sufficient?

    <p>It may be present in some cases, but not always.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Rothman's causality pies?

    <p>Each outcome has a combination of specific causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of identifying necessary causes in a causal association?

    <p>It helps to identify the causes that are always present when the outcome occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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